Destinations › · The Destination Index · universal template · every figure sourced
Mozambique.
Southeastern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania. 799,380 sq km and 35,631,653 people, 2,470 km of coastline, tropical to subtropical.
Region · Population · ~35,631,653Languages · Makhuwa, Portuguese (official), Tsonga, Sena, Lomwe, Chuwabo, NdauEco Index · /100 · Not yet scored
Mozambique holds deep and widely alive heritage across its regions and coast. Timbila, the Chopi orchestral xylophone music of the south, is recognised by UNESCO, while marrabenta remains the country's signature urban dance music.
Where the name comes from
From Moçambique, the Portuguese rendering of the name of the island and its ruler at the time of contact, usually given as Mussa Bin Bique. Source: UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names toponymic factfile.
The land itself: coastal lowlands rising to uplands through the centre and high plateaus and mountains inland. Its high point is Monte Binga, 2,436 m. Source: UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names toponymic factfile.
Where it starts
The longest record of cereal use on earth
Starch grains on stone tools from Ngalue Cave, near Lake Niassa, are between 105,000 and 42,000 years old and are the earliest direct evidence anywhere of people using cereals. Nearly nine in ten of the residues were wild sorghum. Sorghum is still a staple across the same region today, which makes this the longest continuous record of cereal use known anywhere in the world. Farming and ironworking communities settled from around AD 200, and from the ninth century coastal towns traded into the Indian Ocean network.
How it got here
A refuelling stop, then a war
Portuguese ships reached the coast in 1498 and the Island of Mozambique became Portugal's first and most important settlement on the East African coast, the main refuelling stop on the route to India. Through the following centuries the coast became a major point of departure in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic slave trades. A ten-year liberation war ended with independence on 25 June 1975.
The timeline
c. 105,000 to 42,000 years ago
Ngalue Cave.
Starch grains on stone tools from a cave near Lake Niassa are the earliest direct evidence anywhere of people using cereals. Nearly nine in ten of the residues were wild sorghum. ↗
c. 100,000 years ago onward
The longest cereal tradition.
Sorghum is still a staple across the same region today, which makes this the longest continuous record of cereal use known anywhere in the world. ↗
c. 10,000 years ago onward
Coast and interior.
Later Stone Age communities occupied the coast, the Zambezi valley and the interior plateau. ↗
c. AD 200 onward
Farming and iron.
Bantu-speaking farming and ironworking communities settle across the region. The spread is traced through both the archaeology of early iron-smelting sites and the shared vocabulary of iron in Bantu languages. ↗
9th to 15th century
The Swahili coast.
Coastal towns including the Island of Mozambique trade gold, ivory and iron into the Indian Ocean network that ran to Arabia, India and China. ↗
11th to 15th century
Manyikeni and the plateau trade.
Inland stone-walled settlements such as Manyikeni connect the interior gold trade to the coastal ports. ↗
15th to 17th century
The Mutapa Empire.
A Shona empire controls much of the interior and its gold trade. ↗
1498 onward
Portuguese arrival.
Portuguese ships reach the coast and the Island of Mozambique becomes Portugal's first and most important settlement on the East African coast, and the main refuelling stop on the route to India. ↗
1500s to 1800s
Slave trading.
The coast becomes a major point of departure in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic slave trades. ↗
1964 to 1974
The liberation war.
An armed independence struggle is fought from 1964 to 1974 by FRELIMO, largely in the north. It ended not with a battlefield victory but with the fall of the dictatorship in Portugal itself. ↗
1975
Independence.
Mozambique becomes independent on 25 June 1975 when Portugal transfers power to FRELIMO. ↗
1991
World Heritage.
The Island of Mozambique is inscribed by UNESCO in 1991. It was the capital of Portuguese East Africa, and its stone town and reed town sit side by side. ↗
Around 29.5% of the land sits within protected areas such as Gorongosa, Niassa, Bazaruto and Quirimbas (World Bank, 2024), and Gorongosa's co-managed restoration is a landmark African rewilding success. Enforcement is uneven, with heavy elephant poaching having struck Niassa, and marine cover is about 2.15% of territorial waters.
Is wild Mozambique protected? 29.5% of the land is, against a 30% target for 2030
Species to know
Recorded in Mozambique and named in the open record. Endemic status is stated per species, not implied by this list.
Bazaruto dugongs
Ba
Rift-linked species
Ri
Gorongosa's recovering fauna
Go
The watchlist
ThreatenedGyps africanusCritically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (bird).
ThreatenedHawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (turtle).
ThreatenedGiant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis)Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (shark or ray).
ThreatenedInago Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon bruessoworum)Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (reptile).
ThreatenedChambo (Oreochromis karongae)Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (species).
ThreatenedTrigonoceps occipitalisCritically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (bird).
ThreatenedNecrosyrtes monachusCritically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (bird).
ThreatenedDevil ray (Mobula mobular)Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Mozambique in GBIF occurrence data (shark or ray).
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Mozambique. GBIF holds 274 verified occurrence records.
Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Mozambique. GBIF holds 8 verified occurrence records.
Giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Mozambique. GBIF holds 2 verified occurrence records.
Inago Pygmy Chameleon (Rhampholeon bruessoworum)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Mozambique. GBIF holds 10 verified occurrence records.
Species named here are drawn from GBIF occurrence records for Mozambique filtered to the IUCN Red List threatened categories. Species are listed where GBIF holds occurrence records for them in this country. Record counts are not published here because the figure cannot be reproduced from a public GBIF query.
National park in Inhambane Province, mapped and named in the open record for Mozambique. OpenStreetMap.
Water and Ocean in Mozambique.
Mozambique is crossed by major rivers including the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save and Rovuma and holds the vast Cahora Bassa reservoir, so the raw water resource is large. Access and safety are the weak point, with about 63.4% of people using even a basic drinking water service (World Bank JMP, 2020) and tap water generally unsafe to drink. Floods, cyclones and droughts add further stress.
Does Mozambique have enough fresh water? Yes, with headroom
27.5% of people here have safely managed drinking water at home (2024, WHO/UNICEF JMP). Coverage is well short of universal, so a visitor should not assume the tap is safe.
How much fresh water does Mozambique have, per person?
3,071 m³
Mozambique
1,000 m³
the UN “water scarce” line
Mozambique withdraws about 1,473 million cubic metres of fresh water a year (2022). That is 1.8% of the fresh water actually available to it, which FAO counts as no water stress. Of what is taken, farming takes 73%, homes and towns 25%, industry 2%. Source: FAO AQUASTAT.
What are the rules on Mozambique beaches?
✕Tap water: Not drinkable.
✓Plastic rules: Charge on plastic bags since February 2016, with moves toward a fuller ban..
✕Solo travel: rated take care on the record for this destination.
✕Marine protection: 2.15% of the sea is protected. The 30x30 pledge for 2030 is not met yet.
Named on the open map: Praia Correia, Praia Massano, Praia Nova, Praia de Santa Maria, Praia do Estoril. That is 5 named beaches in the public record for Mozambique, each one a place you can look up before you go. OpenStreetMap.
Where does the sewage go?
33.9%
of people have safely managed sanitation
33.9% of people here use a safely managed sanitation service, meaning waste is contained, emptied and treated rather than reaching the ground or the sea untreated (2024, World Bank / WHO-UNICEF JMP, SDG 6.2.1). The rest is what the rivers and the coast receive.
How is the sea around Mozambique doing?
One cross-section, every answer measured.
Surface
What the coast carries
Dry May–Oct, cyclone risk Nov–Apr along the coast.
Nearshore
Protected water
2.15% of territorial waters are protected, against the 30% pledged for 2030 under the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Cleanest
Where the water is cleanest
The Bazaruto and Quirimbas archipelagos..
The record
Measured
Mozambique is crossed by major rivers including the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save and Rovuma and holds the vast Cahora Bassa reservoir, so the raw water resource is large. Access and safety are the weak point, with about 63.4% of people using even a basic drinking water service (World Bank JMP, 2020) and tap water generally unsafe to drink.
Sea protected
2.15%
Against the 30% pledged for 2030 under the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Threatened species
439 (mammals, birds, fish & plants)
Mammals, birds, fish and higher plants on the IUCN list.
Cleanest water
here
The Bazaruto and Quirimbas archipelagos..
Is the tap water safe in Mozambique?
27.5% of people have safely managed drinking water at home (2024, WHO/UNICEF JMP). Renewable fresh water works out at about 3,071 cubic metres per person a year (World Bank).
How hard is the water supply being pushed?
Of every 10 buckets nature refills, 0 are already taken. Withdrawals run at 1.5% of what Mozambique renews internally each year (2022, World Bank / FAO AQUASTAT). That is inside the 25% mark generally treated as water stress, so the supply has headroom.
When is the best time to visit Mozambique? Tap your month.
Tap your month.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
.
How much fresh water does Mozambique actually have?
Nature renews about 3,071 cubic metres of fresh water per person per year here. That ranks Mozambique 108 of 208 countries measured, putting it in the wetter half of the world. The UN treats anything under 1,000 cubic metres as water scarce, and this is above that line. World Bank / FAO AQUASTAT.
Most households depend on their own farming, growing cassava, maize, rice, beans, coconut, cashew and peanuts, so the country is strongly agricultural even where food insecurity persists. Rice and wheat are imported, but everyday staples are produced locally.
How often each food is on the plate
Share of people eating each one regularly. These overlap, so they do not add up to 100%.
Cassava60%
Maize xima51%
Rice42%
Beans33%
Coconut24%
Cashew15%
What is killing people in Mozambique? The imported diet.
Cause of death, and the diet behind it.
Non-communicable diseases, all combined30.6%
Diabetes3%
Adults living with overweight or obesity. 27.2%.
Can Mozambique feed itself?
7.2%
Arable land
52.8%
Agricultural land
11,431,375
Farmers
13,961,432
Arable acres
25.6%
Agriculture, share of GDP
Feeding itself
Most households depend on their own farming, growing cassava, maize, rice, beans, coconut, cashew and peanuts, so the country is strongly agricultural even where food insecurity persists. Rice and wheat are imported, but everyday staples are produced locally.
Certification
Certified organic farmland is about 0.03% of the total (FiBL, 2020), among the lowest shares recorded, even though most smallholder farming is low-input and agrochemical use is limited.
Water for crops
Mozambique is crossed by major rivers including the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save and Rovuma and holds the vast Cahora Bassa reservoir, so the raw water resource is large. Access and safety are the weak point, with about 63.4% of people using even a basic drinking water service (World Bank JMP, 2020) and tap water generally unsafe to drink.
Why the organic number looks like that. Certified-organic farmland is not separately reported for Mozambique, and that is a certification gap rather than proof nothing is grown cleanly. What the official land record does show: 52.8% of the country is agricultural land and 7.2% is arable (2023, World Bank). Certification is paid for per farm per year by a foreign body, which prices out smallholders, so the organic number reads worse than the practice.
The plant-based kitchen here is not an import. By tonnage, the largest crops grown in Mozambique are cassava, maize, sugarcane and tomatoes (FAO, FAOSTAT crop production, 2024). That is what the land itself puts on a plate.
Buy direct where residents buy: Central Market Veggies, Entrada Ao Mercado, Geral Market, Mercado Central / Mercado de Peixes, Mercado Central de Manje, Mercado Chimundo. Each is a mapped, named marketplace, so the money stays with the seller rather than the importer. OpenStreetMap.
Mozambique has one of the world's lowest carbon footprints at about 0.25 tonnes per person in 2024, and its grid is overwhelmingly renewable, with hydropower supplying roughly 83 per cent of generation, led by the Cahora Bassa dam. Much of that clean power is exported to South Africa under long-term contracts rather than used at home, where access to electricity remains limited.
Pollution
A charge on plastic bags has applied since February 2016 with moves toward a fuller ban, but enforcement is weak, urban litter is common and open burning of waste is widespread. A national PM2.5 figure could not be verified.
Water stress
Mozambique is crossed by major rivers including the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save and Rovuma and holds the vast Cahora Bassa reservoir, so the raw water resource is large. Access and safety are the weak point, with about 63.4% of people using even a basic drinking water service (World Bank JMP, 2020) and tap water generally unsafe to drink.
What pollutes most here
1The gridThe share of electricity still generated from fossil fuel.16%
2IndustryHeavy-sand mining, the Cabo Delgado gas developments and coastal charcoal and mangrove clearing..named
3AirModelled annual mean against a WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³.13.7 µg/m³ (PM2.5)
4On the recordA charge on plastic bags has applied since February 2016 with moves toward a fuller ban, but enforcement is weak, urban litter is common and open burning of waste is widespread.
What has Mozambique promised on climate?
Electricity renewable today82.7% (2021)
Land protected, against a 30% target29.5% by 2025
Sea protected, against a 30% target2.1% by 2025
Measured on delivery, 82.7% of electricity is already renewable (2021, World Bank), so 17.3% of the grid is still to be converted. The pledge on file is measured here against what has actually been delivered, not taken on its own (UNFCCC NDC Registry, CBD Kunming-Montreal Target 3).
The biggest line item
One return flight against a whole year of living.
A resident's entire year0.29 t CO2e
Safe-climate budget, per year2 t CO2e
Los Angeles return, economy3.08 t CO2e
New York return, economy2.37 t CO2e
Sydney return, economy1.93 t CO2e
London return, economy1.66 t CO2e
Paris return, economy1.6 t CO2e
How much CO2 does flying to Mozambique emit?
Tap where you would fly from. One return flight, economy.
Every prompt runs on a machine in a building on somebody’s grid. What that costs the planet depends less on the prompt than on what is burning to power it. Here is what would power one in Mozambique.
Data centres
7
Registered colocation and interconnection facilities, PeeringDB, 2026
Cooling water. Every one of those halls runs on the national grid, which is 82.7% renewable today (World Bank). A data centre is only as clean as the electricity behind it, so the same figure that decides this country's climate score also decides the footprint of the AI running inside it. Cooling water use is not separately published by facility, and no operator here reports it.
The rules. Mozambique has 7 colocation and interconnection facilities on the public PeeringDB register, concentrated in Maputo (6), Boane District (1), alongside 1 internet exchange (MOZIX). Named sites include SEACOM Maputo CLS, Webmasters Maputo, Teledata Mozambique, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.
Where the cables land. 3 landing points · Beira, Maputo, Nacala
95% residents to 5% visitors across a year. 2,033,000 international arrivals in 2019 against 35,631,653 people who live here (2025, World Bank / UN Tourism).
Where a visitor dollar goes in Mozambique
2,033k
Visitors a year
0.1
Visitors per resident
How deep in debt is Mozambique?· for every $100 Mozambique earns in a year, it owes…
Pay to the order of: the creditorsmemo · the 2016 peak
$ 125The worst year on the IMF record. Mozambique owed $125 for every $100 it earned.
IMF World Economic Outlook, 2016signed, the creditors
Pay to the order of: the creditorsmemo · today
$ 106What is owed now, for every $100 of national income (2026).
IMF World Economic Outlook, 2026signed, the creditors
Pay to the order of: the creditorsmemo · projected 2031
$ 112The IMF's own forecast has this rising to $112 by 2031.
IMF World Economic Outlook projection, 2031signed, the forecast
For every $100 Mozambique earns in a year, it owes $106 (2026, IMF World Economic Outlook). That is more than a full year of national income, and the interest is paid before anything else.
Where does a tourist dollar actually go in Mozambique?
Play one tourist dollar around the board. Every square is a measured fact from this page.
START!
1
GO: a visitor lands
$100 goes on the table. 2,033,000 international arrivals in 2019 against 35,631,653 residents, one visitor a year for every 18 residents (World Bank / UN Tourism).
$100 in play
2
The bed
Who owns the largest places to stay in Mozambique is not published in the records we can check, so this square is left open rather than guessed. Where a listing names its owner, it is shown in the ownership table below.
not published
3
The plate
Food is 19.6% of everything Mozambique imports (2024, World Bank), so a large part of every restaurant bill is paid to a supplier abroad. Eating what the land here actually grows, cassava, maize, sugarcane, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas, coconuts, onions, keeps that money with the grower.
sails in
4
The power
82.7% of the electricity is renewable (2021, World Bank), so the energy on the bill is mostly generated inside the country rather than shipped in.
made at home
5
What actually stays
On the parts that can be measured, the plate leaves and the power stays. It is genuinely a coin toss, decided by what you book.
split
6
Pay the bank first
Mozambique owes $106 for every $100 it earns (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2026 projection). The interest is paid before anything else on this board.
$106 per $100
7
No plan B
57.6% of everything Mozambique sells abroad is mineral fuels and oils (2023, UN Comtrade). One market moving takes the whole board with it.
57.6% one export
8
Community chest
Tourism earns 2.5% of everything Mozambique makes from exports (2020, World Bank / UN Tourism). That is how much of the economy depends on the game continuing.
2.5% of exports
9
The flight
Getting here is usually the biggest single line on the bill. From Los Angeles a return economy seat is 3.08 t CO2, on the UK Government's published conversion factors. It is the one part of the trip this board cannot reduce.
3.08 t CO2
10
Back to GO
The economy turns over about US$23 billion a year (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2026 projection). Every lap of this board is a choice about how much of it stays.
US$23bn
GDPUS$22.3bn
Agriculture, share of GDP25.6%
Visitors a year2,033,000
Visitors per resident0.1
Residents~35,631,653
Agriculture
Farming is 25.6% of the economy. Most households depend on their own farming, growing cassava, maize, rice, beans, coconut, cashew and peanuts, so the country is strongly agricultural even where food insecurity persists.
Natural materials
Living material traditions include palm and sisal weaving, coir, cotton, basketry and the vivid capulana cloth culture, all still made and used day to day.
Energy
Mozambique has one of the world's lowest carbon footprints at about 0.25 tonnes per person in 2024, and its grid is overwhelmingly renewable, with hydropower supplying roughly 83 per cent of generation, led by the Cahora Bassa dam. Much of that clean power is exported to South Africa under long-term contracts rather than used at home, where access to electricity remains limited.
Who owns the biggest hotels in Mozambique?
By rooms · company records and press.
Pestana Bazaruto Lodge · ~40 roomsCorporatenot published
Visitors, over time
20141,751k
20151,634k
20161,715k
20171,514k
20182,870k
20192,033k
International tourism receipts run at about US$0.11 billion in 2020 (World Bank / UN Tourism). That is 2.5% of everything the country earns from exports.
How much of your money actually stays here?
Tap the holiday you are planning.
All-inclusive resortForeign-owned hotel and tourist restaurantsLocally owned stay and local restaurantsGuesthouse, markets and public transport
Resort guest, villa renter, family, nomad or backpacker. The honest playbook for each, from the same sourced numbers.
Already booked a resort? · the rescue list
Five swaps that move your money back on-island
1. Eat where the country eats Choose kitchens cooking what the land here grows, cassava, maize, sugarcane, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas, coconuts and onions, over an imported menu. The checked list →
2. Book with a local operator Never the lobby desk. The margin on a tour is the part that stays. Eco tours →
3. Stay somewhere locally owned Ownership decides where the room rate books. Eco stays →
4. Use the transport residents use Chapas (minibuses) and long-distance buses, light aircraft to the archipelagos and a 4x4 in the north.
5. Buy the craft, not the souvenir Natural-materials work made here pays the maker directly; imported gifts pay a shipping line.
swipe →
First time here
A long Indian Ocean coastline of coral archipelagos and dugongs backed by Gorongosa, one of Africa's landmark ecosystem restorations.
Best time: The cool dry season.
Getting around
Chapas (minibuses) and long-distance buses, light aircraft to the archipelagos and a 4x4 in the north.
Transport is where the fare either stays or leaves.
Eating here
The everyday plate that actually grows here is cassava, maize, sugarcane, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas, coconuts and onions. Ordering those keeps the money with the grower and cuts the imported share of the meal.
Eating what the country grows is the cheapest way to cut the import bill.
Good to know
Cash-heavy; MZN. Cards in Maputo only.
Rate my hotel. Tap yours for the honest verdict.
Ownership from company records and press.
Pestana Bazaruto Lodge
.
Who owns the place to stay
Pestana Bazaruto LodgeCorporate · 40 rooms
The one property listed here does not publish who ultimately owns it, so no claim is made either way. Ownership is what decides how much of a room rate stays in the country, which is why we show it when a listing states it.
Society and Governance in Mozambique.
How well is Mozambique actually run?
Governance, measured · World Bank WGI
Four measured answers, none of them opinion. Averaged across corruption control, delivery and accountability, Mozambique scores 34 out of 100 (2024, World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators). That matters here because every pledge on this page is only as good as the machinery meant to deliver it.
How well is Mozambique run? · each scored out of 100, higher is better
Clean government, scored 26 of 100
Control of corruption scores 26.4 out of 100 (2024, World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators). That is below the halfway mark of governments measured.
26
Freedom and rights, scored 39 of 100
Voice and accountability, which measures free expression, free media and the ability to choose a government, scores 39.2 out of 100 (2024, World Bank WGI). Room to question the government publicly is limited.
39
Government effectiveness, scored 37 of 100
Government effectiveness, which measures the quality of public services and how well policy is actually delivered, scores 37.4 out of 100 (2024, World Bank WGI). Delivery is rated below average, so a pledge on paper is not the same as a pledge kept.
37
Income equality, scored 50 of 100
The Gini index of income inequality reads 49.6 (2022, World Bank). Zero is perfect equality and 100 is one person holding everything. Above 40 is the level usually treated as socially strained, and Mozambique sits above it.
50
LGBTQ+ status: MixedSolo female travel: Take care61.7% adult literacyIndustry to avoid: Heavy-sand mining, the Cabo Delgado gas developments and coastal charcoal and mangrove clearing.
What is daily life in Mozambique really like? Measured
Getting around, breathing, throwing away, learning. The honest checklist.
TransportAirWaterWastePower
✓How you get around Chapas (minibuses) and long-distance buses, light aircraft to the archipelagos and a 4x4 in the north.
✓Air quality, measured Modelled annual mean 13.7 µg/m³ (PM2.5). The WHO guideline is 5 µg/m³.
✓Where the air is cleanest The offshore islands and the northern coast.
·Tap water Not drinkable
✓What to drink Bottled water along the coast; malaria prevention matters.
✓Plastic rules Charge on plastic bags since February 2016, with moves toward a fuller ban.
✓Sockets and voltage Type C/D/M, 230V
61.7%
literacy. Public spending on education runs at 6.0% of GDP and 20.4% of all government spending, and secondary enrolment stands at 37.2% gross (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2017 to 2022).
Made in Mozambique.
Living material traditions include palm and sisal weaving, coir, cotton, basketry and the vivid capulana cloth culture, all still made and used day to day. Every step of processing done at home is value that stops leaving the country.
What Mozambique actually sells the world
The single biggest thing Mozambique sells the world is mineral fuels and oils, 57.6% of all exports in 2023 (about US$4.77 billion, UN Comtrade). The next four are aluminium at 15.4%, ores, slag and ash at 6.2%, oil seeds and oleaginous fruit at 3.4%, pearls, gemstones and precious metals at 3.1%.
Made now · natural materials
Living material traditions include palm
Worked in Mozambique from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Sisal weaving
Worked in Mozambique from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Coir
Worked in Mozambique from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Cotton
Worked in Mozambique from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Basketry
Worked in Mozambique from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Vivid capulana cloth culture
Worked in Mozambique from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Buys in · 11.3% of imports
Machinery and mechanical appliances
Mozambique imported US$1.14 billion of machinery and mechanical appliances in 2023, 11.3% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
Buys in · 7.3% of imports
Vehicles
Mozambique imported US$0.74 billion of vehicles in 2023, 7.3% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
Buys in · 6.9% of imports
Cereals
Mozambique imported US$0.69 billion of cereals in 2023, 6.9% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
Buys in · 6.4% of imports
Electrical machinery and electronics
Mozambique imported US$0.65 billion of electrical machinery and electronics in 2023, 6.4% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
The maths for an entrepreneur. Mozambique produces about US$22 billion a year, which is roughly US$627 per person (2025, World Bank). Farming is 25.6% of that, while food is 19.6% of everything the country imports. With 7.2% of the land arable, the raw material for that is already in the ground.
A living tradition of Mozambique, still practised rather than archived.
Marrabenta
A living tradition of Mozambique, still practised rather than archived.
Xigubo dance music
A living tradition of Mozambique, still practised rather than archived.
Makonde carving
A living tradition of Mozambique, still practised rather than archived.
Mapiko masked danceA living tradition of Mozambique, still practised rather than archived.
Tufo coastal danceA living tradition of Mozambique, still practised rather than archived.
Does Mozambique protect its heritage by law?
Partly, and the gaps say as much as the protections.
What is kept alive. Mozambique holds deep and widely alive heritage across its regions and coast. Timbila, the Chopi orchestral xylophone music of the south, is recognised by UNESCO, while marrabenta remains the country's signature urban dance music. In the north the Makonde are renowned for their carving and the masked Mapiko dance, and coastal Muslim communities keep the women's Tufo dance.
Who it belongs to. Rural and coastal communities keep strong living cultures, and community-linked conservation at Gorongosa and Niassa channels real benefits to residents. Some island and coastal luxury tourism remains enclave-style, so benefits are uneven.
Only here. The Bazaruto Archipelago, home to one of East Africa's last viable dugong populations..
Three futures for Mozambique, every one run forward from measured data.
Every measured trend on one line
Run forward at the pace already recorded.
-15%
Forest cover
1995: 53.8 % → 2023: 45.8 %
-10%
Renewable electricity
1995: 91.5 % → 2021: 82.7 %
+270%
CO2 per person
1995: 0.079 t → 2024: 0.292 t
+403%
Tourist arrivals
2001: 404 k → 2019: 2033 k
+64%
Protected land
2013: 18 % → 2025: 29.5 %
-13%
Farm workforce
1995: 84.2 % → 2025: 73 %
+600%
Protected sea
2013: 0.3 % → 2025: 2.1 %
+14%
Agricultural land
1995: 46.2 % → 2023: 52.8 %
+35%
Urban population
1995: 27.6 % → 2025: 37.2 %
-11%
Air pollution
1995: 15.4 µg/m³ → 2023: 13.7 µg/m³
-51%
Fresh water per person
1995: 6284.3 m³ → 2022: 3071.4 m³
+167%
Adult overweight
1995: 10.2 % → 2022: 27.2 %
+459%
Electricity access
1997: 6.6 % → 2024: 36.9 %
+227%
GDP per person
1995: 192 → 2025: 627
+123%
Population
1995: 15961 k → 2025: 35632 k
-17%
Renewable energy use
1995: 92.8 % → 2021: 76.9 %
-7%
Energy per person
1995: 388.8 kg → 2023: 362.8 kg
+71%
Protected area, total
2013: 10.5 % → 2025: 18 %
+37%
Life expectancy
1995: 46.6 yrs → 2024: 63.8 yrs
+19%
Cereal yield
1995: 652.4 ha → 2024: 776.4 ha
+608%
Fertiliser use
1995: 2.1 ha → 2023: 15.1 ha
-13%
Rural population
1995: 72.4 % → 2025: 62.8 %
+188%
Water productivity
1995: 4.6 $/m3 → 2022: 13.2 $/m3
+297%
Health spending
2000: 2.14 % → 2023: 8.5 %
-15%
Forest area
1995: 422830 km2 → 2023: 360265 km2
+765%
Electric power use
1995: 45.2 kWh → 2023: 390.7 kWh
+20%
Emissions: Agriculture
1990: 15.2 e → 2023: 18.2 e
+24%
Emissions: Building
1990: 4.08 e → 2023: 5.05 e
+1927%
Emissions: Electricity/Heat
1990: 0.11 e → 2023: 2.23 e
+239%
Emissions: Energy
1990: 5.2 e → 2023: 17.5 e
+4350%
Emissions: Industrial Processes
1990: 0.04 e → 2023: 1.78 e
+582%
Emissions: Manufacturing/Construction
1990: 0.17 e → 2023: 1.16 e
World Bank open data, recorded series
How much forest is left?
Forest cover moved from 53.8% to 45.8% across 28 recorded years.
World Bank AG.LND.FRST.ZS
How clean is the grid?
Renewable electricity moved from 91.5% to 82.7% across 26 recorded years.
World Bank EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS
How much climate pollution per person?
CO2 per person moved from 0.1 t to 0.3 t across 29 recorded years.
World Bank EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5
How many people visit?
Tourist arrivals moved from 404k to 2033k across 18 recorded years.
World Bank ST.INT.ARVL
How much land is protected?
Protected land moved from 18.0% to 29.5% across 12 recorded years.
World Bank ER.LND.PTLD.ZS
How many people still farm?
Farm workforce moved from 84.2% to 73.0% across 30 recorded years.
World Bank SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS
How much sea is protected?
Protected sea moved from 0.3% to 2.1% across 12 recorded years.
World Bank ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS
How much land is farmed?
Agricultural land moved from 46.2% to 52.8% across 28 recorded years.
World Bank AG.LND.AGRI.ZS
How fast is it urbanising?
Urban population moved from 27.6% to 37.2% across 30 recorded years.
World Bank SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS
Is the air getting cleaner?
Air pollution moved from 15.4 µg/m³ to 13.7 µg/m³ across 28 recorded years.
World Bank EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3
Is water getting scarcer?
Fresh water per person moved from 6284.3 m³ to 3071.4 m³ across 27 recorded years.
World Bank ER.H2O.INTR.PC
Is diet-related disease rising?
Adult overweight moved from 10.2% to 27.2% across 27 recorded years.
World Bank SH.STA.OWAD.ZS
Who has power?
Electricity access moved from 6.6% to 36.9% across 27 recorded years.
World Bank EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS
Is income rising?
GDP per person moved from 192 to 627 across 30 recorded years.
World Bank NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
How fast is it growing?
Population moved from 15961k to 35632k across 30 recorded years.
World Bank SP.POP.TOTL
What share of all energy is renewable?
Renewable energy use moved from 92.8% to 76.9% across 26 recorded years.
World Bank EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS
How much energy does one person use?
Energy per person moved from 388.82 kg to 362.82 kg across 28 recorded years.
World Bank EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE
How much land and sea is protected together?
Protected area, total moved from 10.5% to 18% across 12 recorded years.
World Bank ER.PTD.TOTL.ZS
How long do people live?
Life expectancy moved from 46.55 yrs to 63.8 yrs across 29 recorded years.
World Bank SP.DYN.LE00.IN
How much does a hectare of cereal produce?
Cereal yield moved from 652.4 kg/ha to 776.4 kg/ha across 29 recorded years.
World Bank AG.YLD.CREL.KG
How much fertiliser goes on the land?
Fertiliser use moved from 2.14 kg/ha to 15.13 kg/ha across 28 recorded years.
World Bank AG.CON.FERT.ZS
How many people still live rurally?
Rural population moved from 72.37% to 62.79% across 30 recorded years.
World Bank SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS
How much value per cubic metre of water?
Water productivity moved from 4.59 $/m3 to 13.22 $/m3 across 27 recorded years.
World Bank ER.GDP.FWTL.M3.KD
How much goes on health?
Health spending moved from 2.14% to 8.5% across 23 recorded years.
World Bank SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS
How much forest is there in total?
Forest area moved from 422830 km2 to 360265 km2 across 28 recorded years.
World Bank AG.LND.FRST.K2
How much electricity per person?
Electric power use moved from 45.17 kWh to 390.66 kWh across 28 recorded years.
World Bank EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC
How have agriculture emissions moved?
Agriculture emissions moved from 15.2 to 18.18 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have building emissions moved?
Building emissions moved from 4.08 to 5.05 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have electricity/heat emissions moved?
Electricity/Heat emissions moved from 0.11 to 2.23 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have energy emissions moved?
Energy emissions moved from 5.15 to 17.46 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have industrial processes emissions moved?
Industrial Processes emissions moved from 0.04 to 1.78 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have manufacturing/construction emissions moved?
Manufacturing/Construction emissions moved from 0.17 to 1.16 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
Worst caseCurrent pathBest case
Worst case
Every measured decline continues at the pace already recorded. The weakest pillar, organic farming at 1/5, is the one that gives way first.
Computed from: recorded series extended with no policy change
Current path
Every line above is a recorded World Bank series for this country. The current path is simply those series continuing at the pace already measured.
Computed from: recorded series, no policy change assumed
Best case
The pledges are met on their own stated timetables and the weakest pillars are lifted to match the strongest. Mozambique already shows it can do this: heritage scores 5/5.
Computed from: each published target delivered on its own date
What the best case actually asks for
Lift organic farming
It scores 1 out of 5 today, among the weakest parts of Mozambique's record. Certified organic farmland is about 0.03% of the total (FiBL, 2020), among the lowest shares recorded, even though most smallholder farming is low-input and agrochemical use is limited. Lifting it toward the 5/5 the strongest pillars already reach is what the best case turns on.
measured each year
Costs: spending and enforcement, not new technology
Lift recycling
It scores 1 out of 5 today, among the weakest parts of Mozambique's record. Formal municipal recycling is negligible, and what recovery happens is informal waste-picking around dumpsites. Lifting it toward the 5/5 the strongest pillars already reach is what the best case turns on.
measured each year
Costs: spending and enforcement, not new technology
Lift pollution
It scores 2 out of 5 today, among the weakest parts of Mozambique's record. A charge on plastic bags has applied since February 2016 with moves toward a fuller ban, but enforcement is weak, urban litter is common and open burning of waste is widespread. A national PM2.5 figure could not be verified. Lifting it toward the 5/5 the strongest pillars already reach is what the best case turns on.
measured each year
Costs: spending and enforcement, not new technology
Government and Goals in Mozambique.
Who is in charge of Mozambique now · office-holders and institutions as published by the state itself; scores from the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators 2024
Maria Benvinda Delfina Levi
Prime Minister
Maria Benvinda Delfina Levi is the head of government of Mozambique, in office since 17 January 2025. Every climate, protection and energy pledge on this page is delivered, or not, under this administration.
Public opinion, measured
Voice and accountability, the freedom to question government: 39.2 / 100. Below the halfway mark of governments measured. World Bank WGI 2024
Control of corruption: 26.4 / 100. Below the halfway mark of governments measured. World Bank WGI 2024
Political stability and absence of violence: 35.9 / 100. Below the halfway mark of governments measured. World Bank WGI 2024
Rule of law: 36.4 / 100. Below the halfway mark of governments measured. World Bank WGI 2024
Regulatory quality: 42.8 / 100. Below the halfway mark of governments measured. World Bank WGI 2024
Maria Benvinda Delfina LeviPrime Minister
Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)Legislature, unicameral
Next electionOctober 2029
Last election9 October 2024
Constitutioncurrent text dates from 1975
Government typepresidential republic
Mozambique national goals: what has been pledged, and how far it has got · each pledge measured against this country's own recorded delivery
2030
30% of land protected
! close
Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted by more than 190 parties in December 2022. Mozambique currently protects 29.5% of its land, which is 98% of the way to the pledge. ↗
2030
30% of sea protected
✕ far behind
The marine half of the same 30x30 pledge. Mozambique currently protects 2.15% of its territorial waters, which is 7% of the way there. ↗
2030
Paris Agreement pledge
on record
Mozambique has a Nationally Determined Contribution lodged with the UNFCCC. The registry holds the current text, its target year and the sectors it covers. ↗
Plastic policy
in force
Charge on plastic bags since February 2016, with moves toward a fuller ban..
Grid, as it stands
84% renewable
Recorded renewable share of electricity output, the number every energy pledge is measured against. ↗
Plain Answers About Mozambique.
The questions people actually type, answered in full sentences from the sourced data above.
swipe →
Is Mozambique sustainable?
Mozambique scores 63 out of 100 on the Throne Eco Index, across twelve equally weighted pillars. A long Indian Ocean coastline of coral archipelagos and dugongs backed by Gorongosa, one of Africa's landmark ecosystem restorations.
Is the water in Mozambique safe and plentiful?
Mozambique is crossed by major rivers including the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save and Rovuma and holds the vast Cahora Bassa reservoir, so the raw water resource is large. Access and safety are the weak point, with about 63.4% of people using even a basic drinking water service (World Bank JMP, 2020) and tap water generally unsafe to drink. Floods, cyclones and droughts add further stress.
Can Mozambique feed itself?
Most households depend on their own farming, growing cassava, maize, rice, beans, coconut, cashew and peanuts, so the country is strongly agricultural even where food insecurity persists. Rice and wheat are imported, but everyday staples are produced locally.
Is it easy to eat plant-based in Mozambique?
The everyday diet is built on plants, cassava and maize xima, rice, beans, peanuts, coconut and matapa made from cassava leaves, so unprocessed plant eating is the norm rather than the exception.
How much of Mozambique is actually protected?
Around 29.5% of the land sits within protected areas such as Gorongosa, Niassa, Bazaruto and Quirimbas (World Bank, 2024), and Gorongosa's co-managed restoration is a landmark African rewilding success. Enforcement is uneven, with heavy elephant poaching having struck Niassa, and marine cover is about 2.15% of territorial waters.
What wildlife is left in Mozambique?
Mozambique holds iconic African megafauna alongside the Bazaruto Archipelago's dugongs, one of the last viable populations in East Africa, plus whale sharks, humpback whales and coral reefs offshore. Gorongosa's recovering wildlife makes it a flagship for active rewilding.
Is Mozambique on clean energy?
Mozambique has one of the world's lowest carbon footprints at about 0.25 tonnes per person in 2024, and its grid is overwhelmingly renewable, with hydropower supplying roughly 83 per cent of generation, led by the Cahora Bassa dam. Much of that clean power is exported to South Africa under long-term contracts rather than used at home, where access to electricity remains limited. The country has a National Climate Change Strategy and an NDC, and takes part in REDD+ forest programmes.
How polluted is Mozambique?
A charge on plastic bags has applied since February 2016 with moves toward a fuller ban, but enforcement is weak, urban litter is common and open burning of waste is widespread. A national PM2.5 figure could not be verified.
Does recycling work in Mozambique?
Formal municipal recycling is negligible, and what recovery happens is informal waste-picking around dumpsites.
Is the farming in Mozambique organic?
Certified organic farmland is about 0.03% of the total (FiBL, 2020), among the lowest shares recorded, even though most smallholder farming is low-input and agrochemical use is limited.
Are there natural materials and craft in Mozambique?
Living material traditions include palm and sisal weaving, coir, cotton, basketry and the vivid capulana cloth culture, all still made and used day to day.
Is there living culture in Mozambique?
Rural and coastal communities keep strong living cultures, and community-linked conservation at Gorongosa and Niassa channels real benefits to residents. Some island and coastal luxury tourism remains enclave-style, so benefits are uneven.
What heritage does Mozambique keep alive?
Mozambique holds deep and widely alive heritage across its regions and coast. Timbila, the Chopi orchestral xylophone music of the south, is recognised by UNESCO, while marrabenta remains the country's signature urban dance music. In the north the Makonde are renowned for their carving and the masked Mapiko dance, and coastal Muslim communities keep the women's Tufo dance.
So is Mozambique actually green? The measured answer
What is working: land protected at 29.5%, renewable electricity at 82.7%.
What is not: sea protected at 2.1% against a 30% mark.
Where Mozambique sits on the Eco Index, against its regional neighbours and the 0 destinations scored worldwide.
What is Mozambique particularly good at?
✓Energy, scored 5/5. Mozambique has one of the world's lowest carbon footprints at about 0.25 tonnes per person in 2024, and its grid is overwhelmingly renewable, with hydropower supplying roughly 83 per cent of generation, led by the Cahora Bassa dam. Much of that clean power is exported to South Africa under long-term contracts rather than used at home, where access to electricity remains limited. The country has a National Climate Change Strategy and an NDC, and takes part in REDD+ forest programmes. Large offshore gas discoveries and new LNG export projects could raise future emissions and fossil dependence. For now it is a very low emitter on a clean, hydro-based grid.
✓Heritage, scored 5/5. Mozambique holds deep and widely alive heritage across its regions and coast. Timbila, the Chopi orchestral xylophone music of the south, is recognised by UNESCO, while marrabenta remains the country's signature urban dance music. In the north the Makonde are renowned for their carving and the masked Mapiko dance, and coastal Muslim communities keep the women's Tufo dance. Ancestral spirituality centred on ancestor veneration and the guidance of traditional healers remains a living part of everyday life. Dance, music and ancestral practice are all strongly present.
✓Conservation, scored 4/5. Around 29.5% of the land sits within protected areas such as Gorongosa, Niassa, Bazaruto and Quirimbas (World Bank, 2024), and Gorongosa's co-managed restoration is a landmark African rewilding success. Enforcement is uneven, with heavy elephant poaching having struck Niassa, and marine cover is about 2.15% of territorial waters.
Where does Mozambique score worst?
✕Water, scored 2/5. Mozambique is crossed by major rivers including the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save and Rovuma and holds the vast Cahora Bassa reservoir, so the raw water resource is large. Access and safety are the weak point, with about 63.4% of people using even a basic drinking water service (World Bank JMP, 2020) and tap water generally unsafe to drink. Floods, cyclones and droughts add further stress.
✕Organic farming, scored 1/5. Certified organic farmland is about 0.03% of the total (FiBL, 2020), among the lowest shares recorded, even though most smallholder farming is low-input and agrochemical use is limited.
✕Recycling, scored 1/5. Formal municipal recycling is negligible, and what recovery happens is informal waste-picking around dumpsites.
Similar countries doing it better and worse
TanzaniaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.75
EthiopiaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.72
UgandaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.70
EgyptScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.60
BotswanaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.58
SeychellesScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.57
A note from the lens of mother natureswipe →
Energy, 5/5
Mozambique has one of the world's lowest carbon footprints at about 0.25 tonnes per person in 2024, and its grid is overwhelmingly renewable, with hydropower supplying roughly 83 per cent of generation, led by the Cahora Bassa dam. Much of that clean power is exported to South Africa under long-term contracts rather than used at home, where access to electricity remains limited.
Consequence: It is the lowest-scoring part of Mozambique's record, so it is where the score moves first.
Food and farming, 4/5
Most households depend on their own farming, growing cassava, maize, rice, beans, coconut, cashew and peanuts, so the country is strongly agricultural even where food insecurity persists. Rice and wheat are imported, but everyday staples are produced locally.
Consequence: It is the lowest-scoring part of Mozambique's record, so it is where the score moves first.
Heritage, 5/5
Mozambique holds deep and widely alive heritage across its regions and coast. Timbila, the Chopi orchestral xylophone music of the south, is recognised by UNESCO, while marrabenta remains the country's signature urban dance music.
Consequence: It is the lowest-scoring part of Mozambique's record, so it is where the score moves first.
The Mozambique Directory.
Everything on Hold The Throne that sits in Mozambique, checked and listed.
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2024. Percentile among all governments measured.
Government effectiveness
37.4 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2024. Percentile among all governments measured.
Rule of law
36.4 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2024. Percentile among all governments measured.
Political stability
35.9 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2024. Percentile among all governments measured.
Voice and accountability
39.2 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2024. Percentile among all governments measured.
Environmental Performance Index
39.0 / 100 · 133 of 180
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2024, ranked 133 of 180 countries assessed.
Ecosystem vitality
48.8 / 100 · 100 of 180
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2024, ranked 100 of 180 countries assessed.
Biodiversity and habitat
57.1 / 100 · 55 of 180
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2024, ranked 55 of 180 countries assessed.
Air pollution
41.3 / 100 · 153 of 180
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2024, ranked 153 of 180 countries assessed.
Terrestrial biomes protected
89.0 / 100 · 27 of 180
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2024, ranked 27 of 180 countries assessed.
Marine protected areas
54.7 / 100 · 85 of 131
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2024, ranked 85 of 131 countries assessed.
How Mozambique Is Scored. The Throne Standard.
Every destination on the index is scored the same way, so a 4 in Barbados means exactly what a 4 means in Iceland. No self-declared data and no brochure claims are accepted. Every figure on this page carries its named source and year, and the history on each page names what empire took as plainly as it scores the present.
The 12 pillars every destination is scored on, equally weighted
01
Conservation
Land and sea actually protected, not pledged
02
Wildlife
What survives, what is endemic, what is lost
03
Water
Fresh water per person, and the ocean’s health
04
Food & farming
Whether the place can feed itself
05
Organic & clean
Certified land and pesticide reality
06
Climate & energy
Emissions per person, how the grid is powered
07
Waste
Where the rubbish goes, what comes back
08
Health
What people eat and die of
09
Heritage
Living culture, and what the law keeps standing
10
Ownership
Who owns the economy, how much of a dollar stays
11
Governance
Freedom, honesty, promises kept
12
Future
Measured trends run forward, pledges against pace
What each 0 to 5 pillar score means, in plain words
The institutions above are the ones cited on this page, ranked by how many of its figures they carry. This same sectioned page renders for all 77 scored destinations, each with its own researched history, comparison charts and three-way future. Read the full methodology
Every figure on this page, and where it came from: 39 sources across 17 institutions
World Bank18 FIGURES
Forest area (% of land area) AG.LND.FRST.ZS, 2023 check
Terrestrial protected areas (% of land area) ER.LND.PTLD.ZS, 2024 check
Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters) ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS, 2025 check
Threatened species (mammals EN.MAM.THRD.NO, birds EN.BIR.THRD.NO, fish EN.FSH.THRD.NO, higher plants EN.HPT.THRD.NO), 2022 check
PM2.5 air pollution mean annual exposure EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3, 2023 check
Renewable electricity output (% of total) EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS, 2021 check
CO2 emissions per capita EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5, 2024 check
BirdLife International, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC3 FIGURES
UN SDG Global Database, terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas covered by protected areas (%) ER_PTD_TERR, Mozambique, 2025 (40.0%), country-reported check
UN SDG Global Database, marine Key Biodiversity Areas covered by protected areas (%) ER_MRN_MPA, Mozambique, 2025 (47.2%), country-reported check
UN SDG Global Database, freshwater Key Biodiversity Areas covered by protected areas (%) ER_PTD_FRHWTR, Mozambique, 2025 (61.8%), country-reported check
FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment3 FIGURES
UN SDG Global Database, forest area (% of land area) AG_LND_FRST, Mozambique, 2025 (41.0%), country-reported check
UN SDG Global Database, forest area under a long-term management plan (%) AG_LND_FRSTMGT, Mozambique, 2025 (63.7%), country-reported check
UN SDG Global Database, forest area inside legally established protected areas (%) AG_LND_FRSTPRCT, Mozambique, 2025 (47.1%), country-reported check
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme2 FIGURES
UN SDG Global Database, population using safely managed drinking water (%) SH_H2O_SAFE, Mozambique, 2024 (27.5%), modelled estimate check
UN SDG Global Database, population using safely managed sanitation (%) SH_SAN_SAFE, Mozambique, 2024 (33.9%), modelled estimate check
Administracao Nacional das Areas de Conservacao1 FIGURE
national protected-area and wildlife authority for Mozambique check
CBD1 FIGURE
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3 check
TanzaniaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.75
EthiopiaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.72
UgandaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.70
EgyptScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.60
BotswanaScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.58
SeychellesScored on the same twelve pillars as Mozambique.57
