Every figure below carries its named source and year. The Eco Index scores twelve pillars on the same scale everywhere; seven are measured from published data with fixed thresholds, five are assessed from the named sources.
Indonesia at a Glance.
The score, and the four numbers that set the tone. 12 equally-weighted pillars, every pillar sourced.
Compare with:
Renewable power
18%
of electricity
Food imported
10%
of merchandise imports · ~US$24,688m a year
The Eco Index across 12 pillars · scored 0 to 5 · World Bank, OWID, WHO/UNICEF JMP, FiBL, Protected Planet, IUCN, UNESCO (2023-24)
Water
Food & farming
Plant-based
Organic
Conservation
Wildlife
Materials
Pollution
Recycling
Energy
Culture
Heritage
Facts That Surprise People About Indonesia.
The numbers and firsts that change how you see Indonesia, the sobering and the remarkable. Every one is dated and linked to its source.
SoberingHealth
Fifth highest number of adults with diabetes
About 20.4 million Indonesians aged 20 to 79 have diabetes, the fifth highest number in the world after China, India, the US and Pakistan, according to the IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025. Only about 35.4% of cases in 2024 had been diagnosed by health workers.
SoberingHealth
Two in three men use tobacco
The 2021 Global Adult Tobacco Survey found 65.5% of Indonesian men use tobacco, against 3.3% of women. In all, 70.2 million adults used tobacco, and 74.2% of adults were exposed to secondhand smoke in restaurants.
SoberingHealth
One in five young children is stunted
Stunting among children under five fell from 21.5% in 2023 to 19.8% in 2024. West Java alone had about 638,000 stunted toddlers.
SoberingHealth
High blood pressure mostly goes undiagnosed
The 2023 Indonesia Health Survey measured high blood pressure in 30.8% of people aged 18 and over, yet only 8.6% had ever been diagnosed. It also found 11.7% of people had blood sugar above normal.
RemarkableNature
The world's largest single flower
Rafflesia arnoldii holds the record for the largest single flower. One found in a West Sumatra forest in January 2020 measured 111 cm across.
Source: Guinness World Records, Largest single flower · 2020
RemarkableCulture
Gamelan is on UNESCO's heritage list
Gamelan, the traditional percussion orchestra of gongs, gong chimes, xylophones and drums, was added to UNESCO's intangible heritage list in 2021. Evidence of it appears in eighth century reliefs at Borobudur.
Source: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, Gamelan · 2021
Worth knowingNature
Home of the Komodo dragon, now endangered
Komodo dragons live mainly on Komodo and Rinca islands in Komodo National Park, with smaller groups on Flores. In 2021 the IUCN moved it to Endangered, warning rising seas could shrink its habitat by 30% over 45 years.
Worth knowingNature
17,380 named islands and still counting
Indonesia's geospatial agency recorded 17,380 named islands with coordinates in 2024, after adding about 63 islands in recent years.
The History of Indonesia.
Indonesia carries an exceptionally rich living heritage across its islands, from gamelan orchestras and wayang kulit shadow puppetry to Balinese dance such as the Legong Kraton and the Saman dance of Aceh. Batik, kris craft and angklung music, all on UNESCO lists, remain part of daily and ceremonial life.
Where the name comes from
The name comes from the Greek indos, 'India', and nesos, 'island'. It was in use by 1884, and it became the country's official name at independence, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The land itself: coastal lowlands across the archipelago, with interior mountains on the larger islands. Its high point is Puncak Jaya, 4,884 m. Source: UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names toponymic factfile.
Where it starts
The oldest story ever painted
Java holds one of the richest records of early humans anywhere, including the Sangiran 17 skull, between 1.3 and 1 million years old and the most complete Homo erectus skull found in East Asia. Flores was home to a small-bodied human species alongside dwarf elephants. On Sulawesi, a painted scene at Leang Karampuang showing human-like figures with a pig was painted at least 51,200 years ago, the earliest known surviving example of visual storytelling in the world.
How it got here
Voyaging, trade, independence
Austronesian seafarers settled the archipelago and went on to reach Madagascar and the Pacific. Maritime states, Srivijaya and later Majapahit, held sway over trade across the straits, and Borobudur and Prambanan were built in Java. Islam took hold from the thirteenth century, carried in part by traders from Gujarat and the Indian Ocean. The Dutch East India Company and then the Dutch state took control, imposing the forced Cultivation System. Independence was declared in 1945 and recognised in 1949, and thirty-two years of authoritarian rule ended with Reformasi in 1998.
The timeline
c. 1.3 to 1 million years ago
Sangiran.
Homo erectus lived at Sangiran in Java. A skull found there in 1969, dated to between 1.3 and 1 million years old, is the most complete Homo erectus skull found in East Asia. Source
At least 51,200 years ago
Leang Karampuang.
A painted scene at Leang Karampuang on Sulawesi, showing human-like figures with a pig, is the earliest known surviving example of representational art and visual storytelling in the world. Source
c. 100,000 to 50,000 years ago
Flores.
A small-bodied human species, Homo floresiensis, lived on Flores alongside dwarf elephants. Source
c. 2000 BC onward
Austronesian voyaging.
Seafaring communities settle the archipelago and go on to reach Madagascar and the Pacific. Source
Mid-sixth century to early sixteenth century
Srivijaya and Majapahit.
Srivijaya, a Buddhist trading power based in southern Sumatra, exercises a degree of control over trade through the Strait of Malacca. Borobudur and Prambanan are built in central Java between about 770 and 850, and the Majapahit kingdom rises in eastern Java from 1294. Source
c. 1200s onward
Islam arrives by trade.
Islam had been known in the archipelago since the eighth century but began to take hold in the thirteenth. The first Muslim ruler with clear evidence, Sultan Sulaiman of Lamreh in northern Sumatra, died in 1211, and other Sumatran kings, probably influenced by traders from Gujarat and the Indian Ocean, converted later that century. Source
1602 to 1942
Dutch rule.
The Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602, and later the Dutch colonial state extend control over the archipelago. From 1830 the Cultivation System, widely criticised as coercive and exploitative, forces Java's farmers to grow export crops and deliver them to the government at fixed prices. Source
1945 to 1949
Independence.
Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaim independence on 17 August 1945, and the Netherlands recognises Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949. Source
1998
Reformasi.
Thirty-two years of authoritarian rule end and democratic reform begins. Source
Nature and Biodiversity in Indonesia.
Terrestrial protected areas cover about 12% and marine areas about 3% (World Bank, 2025), including flagship parks such as Komodo, Lorentz and Gunung Leuser. Coverage sits in the middle band, but enforcement is uneven and clearing for palm oil and mining continues inside and around reserves.
Is wild Indonesia protected? 12% of the land is, against a 30% target for 2030
How protected is nature in Indonesia?
Forest cover50.7%
Terrestrial protected area12%
Marine protected area3%
1,716 (mammals, birds, fish & plants) listed as threatened.
Found only here. Orangutan, Komodo dragon, Sumatran tiger and rhino, birds-of-paradise
The watchlist
ThreatenedCelebes Macaque (Macaca nigra) Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (mammal).
ThreatenedBali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (bird).
ThreatenedHawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (turtle).
ThreatenedGiant clam (Tridacna gigas) Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (species).
ThreatenedSumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (mammal).
ThreatenedZaglossus bruijni Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (mammal).
ThreatenedManis javanica Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (mammal).
ThreatenedPongo pygmaeus Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (mammal).
What is still here, and what is gone?
Tap a species for the honest status.
Closest to being lost, by name
Celebes Macaque (Macaca nigra)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Indonesia. GBIF holds 94 verified occurrence records.
Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Indonesia. GBIF holds 59 verified occurrence records.
Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Indonesia. GBIF holds 174 verified occurrence records.
Giant clam (Tridacna gigas)
Critically Endangered, the last IUCN category before Extinct in the Wild, and still recorded in Indonesia. GBIF holds 26 verified occurrence records.
Species named here are drawn from GBIF occurrence records for Indonesia filtered to the IUCN Red List threatened categories. Species are listed where GBIF holds occurrence records for them in this country. Record counts are not published here because the figure cannot be reproduced from a public GBIF query.
Who is putting it back
National park in East Nusa Tenggara, mapped and named in the open record for Indonesia. OpenStreetMap.
National park in North Sulawesi, mapped and named in the open record for Indonesia. OpenStreetMap.
National park in Central Papua, mapped and named in the open record for Indonesia. OpenStreetMap.
National park in Banten, mapped and named in the open record for Indonesia. OpenStreetMap.
National park in Jambi, mapped and named in the open record for Indonesia. OpenStreetMap.
National park in Aceh, mapped and named in the open record for Indonesia. OpenStreetMap.
Water and Ocean in Indonesia.
Indonesia has abundant rainfall and major rivers across its islands, so raw freshwater supply is not the constraint. The problem is delivery and quality: the WHO/UNICEF JMP figure for safely managed drinking water is only about 30% (2024), and Jakarta suffers severe groundwater over-extraction and land subsidence. Tap water is not safe to drink and most residents boil or buy it.
Does Indonesia have enough fresh water? Yes, with headroom
30.5% of people here have safely managed drinking water at home (2024, WHO/UNICEF JMP). Coverage is well short of universal, so a visitor should not assume the tap is safe.
Cleanest water: Upland spring-fed rivers in Bali and the eastern islands
How much fresh water does Indonesia have, per person?
7,240 m³
Indonesia
1,000 m³
the UN “water scarce” line
Indonesia withdraws about 222,635 million cubic metres of fresh water a year (2022). That is 29.7% of the fresh water actually available to it, which FAO counts as medium water stress. Of what is taken, farming takes 85%, homes and towns 11%, industry 4%. Source: FAO AQUASTAT.
What are the rules on Indonesia beaches?
✕Tap water: Not drinkable.
✕Plastic rules: No national ban; Bali (2019) and Jakarta (2020) ban single-use plastics.
✕Solo travel: rated take care on the record for this destination.
✕Marine protection: 3% of the sea is protected. The 30x30 pledge for 2030 is not met yet.
Named on the open map: Balekambang beach, Base-G Beach, Batubelig Beach, Holtekamp Beach, Jimbaran Beach, Ketapang beach. They are a handful of the many named beaches in the public record for Indonesia, each one a place you can look up before you go. OpenStreetMap.
Where does the sewage go?
88.2%
of people have at least basic sanitation
88.2% of people here use at least a basic toilet not shared with other households (2024, World Bank / WHO UNICEF JMP). No figure is published for how much of that waste is safely treated, so the share reaching the ground or the water untreated is unknown.
How is the sea around Indonesia doing?
One cross-section, every answer measured.
Surface
What the coast carries
Two seasons: dry Apr–Oct, wet Nov–Mar; volcanoes occasionally issue ash advisories.
Nearshore
Protected water
3% of territorial waters are protected, against the 30% pledged for 2030 under the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Cleanest
Where the water is cleanest
Upland spring-fed rivers in Bali and the eastern islands.
The record
Measured
Indonesia has abundant rainfall and major rivers across its islands, so raw freshwater supply is not the constraint. The problem is delivery and quality: the WHO/UNICEF JMP figure for safely managed drinking water is only about 30% (2024), and Jakarta suffers severe groundwater over-extraction and land subsidence.
Indonesia scored 66 out of 100 on the Ocean Health Index in its 2025 assessment, below the global average of 72, and ranked 168th of 220 coastal regions. The index team says it is no longer updating scores, so the 2025 figures may be the last.
Sea protected
3%
Against the 30% pledged for 2030 under the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Threatened species
1,716 (mammals, birds, fish & plants)
Mammals, birds, fish and higher plants on the IUCN list.
Is the tap water safe in Indonesia?
30.5% of people have safely managed drinking water at home (2024, WHO/UNICEF JMP). Renewable fresh water works out at about 7,240 cubic metres per person a year (World Bank).
How hard is the water supply being pushed?
Of every 10 buckets nature refills, 3 are already taken. Withdrawals run at 29.7% of what Indonesia renews internally each year (2022, World Bank / FAO AQUASTAT). That is past the 25% mark generally treated as water stress, so the supply is being pushed towards its limit.
When is the best time to visit Indonesia? Tap your month.
Tap your month.
How much fresh water does Indonesia actually have?
Nature renews about 7,240 cubic metres of fresh water per person per year here. That ranks Indonesia 148 of 208 countries measured, putting it in the wetter half of the world. The UN treats anything under 1,000 cubic metres as water scarce, and this is above that line. World Bank / FAO AQUASTAT.
Food and Drink in Indonesia.
Rice is the staple, supplying 39% of dietary energy in 2023 (FAOSTAT). Paddy output reached about 59 million tonnes in 2025, above average, with Java growing about half of the national crop and Sumatra about 15% (FAO GIEWS). Wheat is imported, and near record wheat import needs were forecast for 2025/26.
Where does the food in Indonesia come from?
10.2% imported
about US$24,688m a year
On the plate: Rice, tempeh, tofu, cassava, chilli, coconut
How often each food is on the plate
Share of people eating each one regularly. These overlap, so they do not add up to 100%.
Rice39%
Soybeans4%
Wheat7%
Cassava7%
Palm oil10%
Coconut1%
1 of 10
bites are imported
The island buys in more food energy than it eats. About US$24,688m a year leaves the country to pay for it. The green slice is roughly what still grows here.
About 10.2% of everything Indonesia buys in from abroad is food, roughly 1 in every 10 imported items on the dock (2025, World Bank). Farming itself is 13.1% of the economy and 29.1% of the land is agricultural, of which 9.4% is arable. The green slice is roughly what still grows here.
What is killing people in Indonesia? The imported diet.
Cause of death, and the diet behind it.
Non-communicable diseases, all combined52.2%
Diabetes11.3%
We found no official national count. The foot registry at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital in Jakarta, the national referral hospital, showed that 20.2 per cent of its 84 diabetic foot ulcer patients had a major amputation between March 2019 and February 2020. During the first year of Covid 19, when patients delayed coming in, that rose to 39.4 per cent of 71 patients. Source: Journal of Primary Care and Community Health, 2022.
Adults living with overweight or obesity. 38.1%.
Can Indonesia feed itself?
9.4%
Arable land
29.1%
Agricultural land
40,155,013
Farmers
43,942,442
Arable acres
13.1%
Agriculture, share of GDP
Harvest: Two rice harvests in many areas; main crop around March to April
Feeding itself
Indonesia is a major agricultural nation and one of the world's largest rice producers, broadly self-sufficient in its staple while importing wheat, soy and sugar. Smallholder farming, home gardens and wet-rice terraces remain widespread across Java, Sumatra and Bali.
Certification
Certified organic land is about 0.1% of agricultural area (FiBL, 2024 data), among the lowest shares measured, even though much smallholder farming is low-input by default.
Water for crops
Indonesia has abundant rainfall and major rivers across its islands, so raw freshwater supply is not the constraint. The problem is delivery and quality: the WHO/UNICEF JMP figure for safely managed drinking water is only about 30% (2024), and Jakarta suffers severe groundwater over-extraction and land subsidence.
Why the organic number looks like that. Certification covers only part of what is grown cleanly, so a small certified share is a gap in the paperwork rather than proof that nothing is. What the official land record does show: 29.1% of the country is agricultural land and 9.4% is arable (2023, World Bank). Certification is paid for per farm per year by a foreign body, which prices out smallholders, so the organic number reads worse than the practice.
What actually grows here
Oil palm fruitRiceSugarcaneMaizeCoconutsCassavaBananasMangoes/guavas
The food that already fits
The plant-based kitchen here is not an import. By tonnage, the largest crops grown in Indonesia are oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, coconuts and cassava (FAO, FAOSTAT crop production, 2024). That is what the land itself puts on a plate.
Buy direct where residents buy: Kain Harum market, Pasar Jodoh (Wet Market), Fruit Market (Pasar Buah Kali 5), Market (veggies fruits sarong chicken). Each is a mapped, named marketplace, so the money stays with the seller rather than the importer. OpenStreetMap.
Not yet checked by us. Plant based kitchens listed publicly: Alchemy Bali, vegan café in Ubud, Bali: superfood breakfasts, lunches and dinners, handmade chocolate and a sundae bar; Zest Ubud, vegan restaurant in Ubud: a large menu of vegan dishes from around the world; Plant Bistro, vegan restaurant in Ubud: Italian leaning food with pasta, bomboloni and gelato; Dapur Usada, vegetarian restaurant in Ubud: Balinese and Indian dishes inspired by Ayurveda, mostly vegan. Tell us how they are.
Is this grown in Indonesia?
Tap a food for the honest answer.
RiceTempehTofuCassavaChilliCoconut
World Bank Open Data · FAO, FAOSTAT crop production · World Health Organization · FAO AQUASTAT · Veggies Abroad, Ubud vegan restaurants and hotels · Yunir E et al., Characteristics of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients Pre- and During COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt From a National Referral Hospital in Indonesia (J Prim Care Community Health 2022), PubMed · FAOSTAT, Food Balances (2010 onwards), share of dietary energy supply 2023 · FAO GIEWS Country Brief, Indonesia
Climate and Energy in Indonesia.
Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower, near a fifth (IEA). It is the world's largest thermal coal exporter, shipping a record of about 555 million tonnes in 2024 before exports fell to about 514 million tonnes in 2025. The country has pledged net-zero by 2060 and signed a Just Energy Transition Partnership intended to bring coal decline forward. The heavy coal dependence and export role weigh against its low per-capita figure.
What powers Indonesia?
Renewable 18.1%Fossil 81.9%
The grid belongs to PLN, the state owned electricity company, which the International Energy Agency says holds the monopoly on owning and operating transmission and distribution in Indonesia (2024). Private grid operation is allowed in law, but the IEA notes there are no firm rules on network access charges. There is no separate regulator: tariffs are set by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and have stayed below PLN's operating costs, so more than a fifth of PLN's revenue has come from government subsidies. The Just Energy Transition Partnership investment plan proposes changing how PLN earns its revenue so that it can pay for new grid investment.
Climate pollution per person
The safe amount, what the planet can absorb
2 tonnes
One person here
2.87 tonnes
The world average, for comparison
4.7 tonnes
The worst it ever got
2.87 tonnes
The grid
Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower, near a fifth (IEA). It is the world's largest thermal coal exporter, shipping a record of about 555 million tonnes in 2024 before exports fell to about 514 million tonnes in 2025.
Pollution
Indonesia is one of the largest sources of ocean plastic, and litter is visible on many rivers and beaches. Policy is partial: Bali banned single-use plastics in 2019 and Jakarta in 2020 under a national marine-litter roadmap, but there is no comprehensive enforced national ban.
Water stress
Indonesia has abundant rainfall and major rivers across its islands, so raw freshwater supply is not the constraint. The problem is delivery and quality: the WHO/UNICEF JMP figure for safely managed drinking water is only about 30% (2024), and Jakarta suffers severe groundwater over-extraction and land subsidence.
What pollutes most here
1The grid The share of electricity still generated from fossil fuel.84.5%
2Industry Palm oil, coal and unregulated mining.named
3Air Modelled annual mean against a WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³.20.8 µg/m³ (PM2.5)
4On the record Indonesia is one of the largest sources of ocean plastic, and litter is visible on many rivers and beaches.
What has Indonesia promised on climate?
Net zero, whole economy2060 (via Policy Document)<br>Before 2050 (via Political Pledge)
Electricity renewable today15.5% (2021)
Land protected, against a 30% target12% by 2025
Sea protected, against a 30% target3% by 2025
The net-zero target year on file with Climate Watch is 2060 (via Policy Document)
Before 2050 (via Political Pledge), status: in policy document; in political pledge. Measured against it, 15.5% of electricity is already renewable (2021, World Bank), so 84.5% of the grid is still to be converted. The pledge on file is measured here against what has actually been delivered, not taken on its own (UNFCCC NDC Registry, CBD Kunming-Montreal Target 3).
Before 2050 (via Political Pledge), status: in policy document; in political pledge. Measured against it, 15.5% of electricity is already renewable (2021, World Bank), so 84.5% of the grid is still to be converted. The pledge on file is measured here against what has actually been delivered, not taken on its own (UNFCCC NDC Registry, CBD Kunming-Montreal Target 3).
The biggest line item
One return flight against a whole year of living.
A resident's entire year2.87 t CO2e
Safe-climate budget, per year2 t CO2e
New York return, economy2.92 t CO2e
Los Angeles return, economy2.6 t CO2e
London return, economy2.11 t CO2e
Paris return, economy2.08 t CO2e
Frankfurt return, economy2 t CO2e
How much CO2 does flying to Indonesia emit?
Tap where you would fly from. One return flight, economy.
Firsts on climate finance. In February 2018 Indonesia sold a US$1.25 billion five year green sukuk, an Islamic bond, with a 3.75 per cent coupon. Gulf Times reported it as making Indonesia the first Asian country to sell green bonds internationally. In November 2022, at the G20 summit in Bali, Indonesia signed a US$20 billion Just Energy Transition Partnership with the US, Japan and other partners, about half in public money and half arranged by private banks, to cut its reliance on coal. The US pulled out of the partnership in early 2025, taking with it a commitment of about US$2 billion, while the other partners said they would stay. In 2024 the US and Indonesia agreed a debt for nature swap that cuts Indonesia's debt payments to the US by US$35 million over nine years, with the money going to protect and restore coral reefs. The UN Global Fund for Coral Reefs calls it the first such swap under the US Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act dedicated to coral reefs.
Climate Watch (WRI) · UNFCCC NDC Registry · World Bank Open Data · UK DESNZ greenhouse gas conversion factors · IEA, Indonesia case study: Grids in Indonesia (2024) · Gulf Times, Indonesia raises $1.25bn in first Asian sovereign green sukuk issuance (27 February 2018) · PBS NewsHour, Indonesia signs $20 billion renewable energy bill at G20 summit · Eco-Business, Indonesia US$20 billion coal phase-out pact hit by US pull-out (7 March 2025) · UN MPTF Office, GFCR supports landmark debt for nature swap to protect Indonesia coral reefs (8 August 2024)
AI and Data Centres in Indonesia.
Every prompt runs on a machine in a building on somebody’s grid. What that costs the planet depends less on the prompt than on what is burning to power it. Here is what would power one in Indonesia.
Data centres
203
Registered colocation and interconnection facilities, PeeringDB, 2026
Grid renewable
18.1 %
What a machine here runs on.
What powers a data centre in Indonesia?
Almost everything a machine here consumes is burned fossil fuel.
Renewable 18.1%Fossil 81.9%
Cooling water. Every one of those halls runs on the national grid, which is 15.5% renewable today (World Bank). A data centre is only as clean as the electricity behind it, so the same figure that decides this country's climate score also decides the footprint of the AI running inside it. Cooling water use is not separately published by facility, and no operator here reports it.
The rules. Indonesia has 203 colocation and interconnection facilities on the public PeeringDB register, concentrated in Jakarta Selatan (31), Jakarta (26), Surabaya (14), alongside 80 internet exchanges (IIX-Jakarta, OpenIXP / NiCE, BIX Jakarta, C2IX). Named sites include Biznet Jakarta, PSN Networks, Datautama-NET, PadiNET Surabaya.
Where the cables land. 146 landing points · Aeng Batu Batu, Agats, Alor, Ambon
Economy and Tourism in Indonesia.
95% residents to 5% visitors across a year. 16,107,000 international arrivals in 2019 against 285,721,236 people who live here (2025, World Bank / UN Tourism).
Where a visitor dollar goes in Indonesia
4,053k
Visitors a year
0.0
Visitors per resident
How deep in debt is Indonesia?· for every $100 Indonesia earns in a year, it owes…
Pay to the order of: the creditorsmemo · the 2000 peak
$ 87The worst year on the IMF record. Indonesia owed $87 for every $100 it earned.
IMF World Economic Outlook, 2000signed, the creditors
Pay to the order of: the creditorsmemo · today
$ 42What is owed now, for every $100 of national income (2026).
IMF World Economic Outlook, 2026signed, the creditors
Pay to the order of: the creditorsmemo · projected 2031
$ 42The IMF's own forecast has this rising to $42 by 2031.
IMF World Economic Outlook projection, 2031signed, the forecast
For every $100 Indonesia earns in a year, it owes $42 (2026, IMF World Economic Outlook). The interest on that is paid before schools, clinics or coastline get their turn.
Where does a tourist dollar actually go in Indonesia?
Play one tourist dollar around the board. Every square is a measured fact from this page.
START!
1
GO: a visitor lands
$100 goes on the table. 16,107,000 international arrivals in 2019 against 285,721,236 residents, one visitor a year for every 18 residents (World Bank / UN Tourism).
$100 in play2
The bed
Who owns the largest places to stay in Indonesia is not published in the records we can check, so this square is left open rather than guessed. Where a listing names its owner, it is shown in the ownership table below.
not published3
The plate
Food is only 10.2% of everything Indonesia imports (2025, World Bank), so most of a meal is bought from producers inside the country. Eating what the land here actually grows, oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, mangoes/guavas, keeps that money with the grower.
mostly home-grown4
The power
84.5% of the electricity is fossil (2021, World Bank). Lighting, cooling and hot water are paid for largely in imported fuel.
burns away5
What actually stays
On the parts that can be measured, the power leaves and the plate stays. It is genuinely a coin toss, decided by what you book.
split6
Pay the bank first
Indonesia owes $42 for every $100 it earns (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2026 projection). The interest is paid before anything else on this board.
$42 per $1007
A spread hand
The largest single export, mineral fuels and oils, is 20.9% of the total (2024, UN Comtrade). No one shock can take the whole board.
top export 22.9%8
Community chest
Tourism earns 2% of everything Indonesia makes from exports (2020, World Bank / UN Tourism). That is how much of the economy depends on the game continuing.
2% of exports9
The flight
Getting here is usually the biggest single line on the bill. From New York a return economy seat is 2.92 t CO2, on the UK Government's published conversion factors. It is the one part of the trip this board cannot reduce.
2.92 t CO210
Back to GO
The economy turns over about US$1,540 billion a year (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2026 projection). Every lap of this board is a choice about how much of it stays.
US$1,540bnGDPUS$1,445.6bn
Agriculture, share of GDP13.1%
Visitors a year4,053,000
Visitors per resident0
Residents~285,721,236
Agriculture
Farming is 13.1% of the economy. Indonesia is a major agricultural nation and one of the world's largest rice producers, broadly self-sufficient in its staple while importing wheat, soy and sugar.
Natural materials
Living natural-materials traditions are strong, including batik, ikat and songket weaving, rattan and bamboo craft, and banana and abaca fibre. These skills remain in daily production, not just heritage display.
Energy
Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower, near a fifth (IEA). It is the world's largest thermal coal exporter, shipping a record of about 555 million tonnes in 2024 before exports fell to about 514 million tonnes in 2025.
Who owns the biggest hotels in Indonesia?
By rooms · company records and press.
Komodo Resort · ~20 roomsIndependentnot published
Misool Eco Resort · ~19 roomsIndependentnot published
Mule Malu Tropical Stay · ~11 roomsIndependentnot published
Six Senses Uluwatu · ~103 roomsCorporatemixed
The Shala Bali · ~6 roomsIndependentnot published
Bali au Naturel · ~6 roomsIndependentnot published
Bambu Indah · ~20 roomsIndependentnot published
Nihi Sumba · ~28 roomsIndependentnot published
Pulau Macan Eco Lodge · ~11 roomsIndependentnot published
Amanwana · ~17 roomsCorporatenot published
Visitors, over time
201510,407k
201611,519k
201714,040k
201815,810k
201916,107k
20204,053k
International tourism receipts run at about US$3.53 billion in 2020 (World Bank / UN Tourism). That is 2% of everything the country earns from exports.
How much of your money actually stays here?
Tap the holiday you are planning.
Visiting Indonesia, whoever you are.
Resort guest, villa renter, family, nomad or backpacker. The honest playbook for each, from the same sourced numbers.
Already booked a resort? · the rescue list
Five swaps that move your money back on-island
1. Eat where the country eats Choose kitchens cooking rice, tempeh, tofu, cassava, chilli, coconut over imported menus.
2. Book with a local operator Never the lobby desk. The margin on a tour is the part that stays.
3. Stay somewhere locally owned Ownership decides where the room rate books. Eco stays
4. Use the transport residents use Domestic flights between islands, ferries, ride-hailing apps, trains on Java
5. Buy the craft, not the souvenir Natural-materials work made here pays the maker directly; imported gifts pay a shipping line.
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First time here
Indonesia pairs some of Earth's richest rainforests and endemic wildlife with deep-rooted plant food and natural-fibre traditions, offset by heavy plastic pollution and weak forest enforcement.
Best time: Dry season
Getting around
Domestic flights between islands, ferries, ride-hailing apps, trains on Java
Transport is where the fare either stays or leaves.
Eating here
The everyday plate is rice, tempeh, tofu, cassava, chilli, coconut. Java is the birthplace of tempeh, and tofu, gado-gado, sayur and sambal make unprocessed plant eating easy and cheap.
Eating what the country grows is the cheapest way to cut the import bill.
Good to know
Cash widely used, cards in cities; IDR. Sarongs at temples; motorbike taxis (Gojek) everywhere.
Rate my hotel. Tap yours for the honest verdict.
Ownership from company records and press.
Who owns the big hotels
Komodo ResortIndependent · 20 rooms
Misool Eco ResortIndependent · 19 rooms
Mule Malu Tropical StayIndependent · 11 rooms
Six Senses UluwatuCorporate · 103 rooms
The Shala BaliIndependent · 6 rooms
Bali au NaturelIndependent · 6 rooms
Ownership is recorded here from each listing's own filings and company records. 1 of the 10 have a named owner, none of them local. That ownership line is what decides how much of a room rate stays in the country.
Society and Governance in Indonesia.
How well is Indonesia actually run?
Governance, measured · World Bank WGI
Four measured answers, none of them opinion. Averaged across corruption control, delivery and accountability, Indonesia scores 48 out of 100 (2024, World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators). That matters here because every pledge on this page is only as good as the machinery meant to deliver it.
What is daily life in Indonesia really like? Measured
Getting around, breathing, throwing away, learning. The honest checklist.
TransportAirWaterWastePower
✓How you get around Domestic flights between islands, ferries, ride-hailing apps, trains on Java
96.0%
literacy. Public spending on education runs at 1.3% of GDP and 10.6% of all government spending, and secondary enrolment stands at 97.2% gross (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2023 to 2025).
Made in Indonesia.
Living natural-materials traditions are strong, including batik, ikat and songket weaving, rattan and bamboo craft, and banana and abaca fibre. These skills remain in daily production, not just heritage display. Every step of processing done at home is value that stops leaving the country.
What Indonesia actually sells the world
The single biggest thing Indonesia sells the world is mineral fuels and oils, 22.9% of all exports in 2023 (about US$59.49 billion, UN Comtrade). The next four are animal and vegetable fats and oils at 11.0%, iron and steel at 10.3%, electrical machinery and electronics at 5.5%, vehicles at 4.3%.
Made now · natural materials
Batik
Worked in Indonesia from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Ikat
Worked in Indonesia from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Songket weaving
Worked in Indonesia from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Rattan
Worked in Indonesia from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Bamboo craft
Worked in Indonesia from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Made now · natural materials
Banana fibre
Worked in Indonesia from local material, and still a working craft rather than a museum piece.
Buys in · 14.6% of imports
Machinery and mechanical appliances
Indonesia imported US$32.64 billion of machinery and mechanical appliances in 2023, 14.6% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
Buys in · 4.2% of imports
Plastics
Indonesia imported US$9.45 billion of plastics in 2023, 4.2% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
Buys in · 2.9% of imports
Organic chemicals
Indonesia imported US$6.42 billion of organic chemicals in 2023, 2.9% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
Buys in · 2.7% of imports
Cereals
Indonesia imported US$5.95 billion of cereals in 2023, 2.7% of everything it bought abroad, and sells none of it back. Every point of that is a business that could be built at home rather than shipped in. UN Comtrade.
The maths for an entrepreneur. Indonesia produces about US$1,446 billion a year, which is roughly US$5,060 per person (2025, World Bank). Farming is 13.1% of that, while food is 10.2% of everything the country imports. With 9.4% of the land arable, the raw material for that is already in the ground.
See the verified makersCulture in Indonesia.
At least the eighth centuryReligious rituals, ceremonies, traditional theatre, festivals and concerts
Gamelan music
The traditional Indonesian percussion orchestra of gongs, gong chimes, xylophones and drums, played by men, women and children. UNESCO added it to its intangible heritage list in 2021.
About ten centuries
Wayang kulit shadow puppetry
Flat leather shadow puppets are worked by a master puppeteer, the dalang, in front of a screen lit from behind, with singers and gamelan musicians. Stories draw on local myths, Indian epics and Persian tales.
Balinese Legong Kraton
A Balinese dance for entertainment known for its elaborate movements, complicated gestures and glittering costumes. It was among the dances Indonesia put forward to UNESCO, which inscribed three genres of traditional dance in Bali in 2015.
Barong
The Barong Ket dance is one of nine Balinese dances that UNESCO recognised as intangible cultural heritage at a meeting held in Namibia in December 2015.
1930sDaily at 6pm at Uluwatu
Kecak dances
Tens to hundreds of men sit in a circle chanting cak, with no gamelan, to tell the kidnap of Sita from the Ramayana. It was developed in the 1930s by Wayan Limbak and Walter Spies from the sanghyang ritual for summoning ancestral spirits.
National and religious holidaysSaman dance of AcehBoys and young men of the Gayo people sit or kneel in tight rows, clapping, slapping their chests and thighs and swaying in unison while a leader sings verses in the Gayo language. UNESCO lists it as heritage in need of urgent safeguarding.
Does Indonesia protect its heritage by law?
Partly, and the gaps say as much as the protections.
What is kept alive. Indonesia carries an exceptionally rich living heritage across its islands, from gamelan orchestras and wayang kulit shadow puppetry to the Balinese Legong, Barong and Kecak dances and the Saman dance of Aceh. Batik, kris craft and angklung music remain part of daily and ceremonial life. Living ancestral and spiritual traditions include Balinese Hindu Dharma, Javanese Kejawen, and the distinct beliefs and rites of the Toraja, Dayak and Mentawai and other indigenous peoples.
Who it belongs to. Indonesia has hundreds of living rooted cultures, from Balinese and Torajan to Dayak and Papuan communities, and community-based tourism is growing alongside conventional resorts. Craft, ceremony and village life remain central rather than staged for visitors.
Only here. The Komodo dragon, the world's largest lizard, lives wild only in Indonesia, on four islands inside Komodo National Park and in fragmented populations on Flores outside it.
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, Indonesia · UNESCO, Gamelan · UNESCO, Wayang puppet theatre · UNESCO, Three genres of traditional dance in Bali · The Jakarta Post, Traditional dances proposed to be world's heritage · UNESCO, Saman dance · Indonesia Ministry of Tourism, Kecak dance · Antara, 9 Balinese dances become world cultural heritage (2015)
The Future of Indonesia.
Three futures for Indonesia, every one run forward from measured data.
Where the making actually happens
Named craft workshops on the open map: A3Rajut Kerajinan Noken Lokal Kampung Urumb, Artland, Artline, Bali Oding, Blink By Kapal Laut, Dinanti Craft.
Every measured trend on one line
Run forward at the pace already recorded.
World Bank open data, recorded series
How much forest is left?
Forest cover moved from 57.5% to 50.7% across 29 recorded years.
How clean is the grid?
Renewable electricity moved from 16.5% to 15.5% across 26 recorded years.
How much climate pollution per person?
CO2 per person moved from 1.2 t to 2.87 t across 29 recorded years.
How many people visit?
Tourist arrivals moved from 4,324k to 4,053k across 25 recorded years.
How much land is protected?
Protected land moved from 14.8% to 12% across 12 recorded years.
How many people still farm?
Farm workforce moved from 44% to 27.3% across 30 recorded years.
How much sea is protected?
Protected sea moved from 3.3% to 3% across 12 recorded years.
How much land is farmed?
Agricultural land moved from 23.7% to 28.9% across 29 recorded years.
How fast is it urbanising?
Urban population moved from 36.3% to 59.4% across 30 recorded years.
Is the air getting cleaner?
Air pollution moved from 28.4 µg/m³ to 20.8 µg/m³ across 28 recorded years.
Is water getting scarcer?
Fresh water per person moved from 10,099 m³ to 7,240 m³ across 27 recorded years.
Is diet-related disease rising?
Adult overweight moved from 12.2% to 38.1% across 27 recorded years.
Who has power?
Electricity access moved from 66.9% to 99.9% across 29 recorded years.
Is income rising?
GDP per person moved from 1,011 to 5,060 across 30 recorded years.
How fast is it growing?
Population moved from 199,888k to 285,721k across 30 recorded years.
What share of all energy is renewable?
Renewable energy use moved from 50.7% to 20.2% across 26 recorded years.
How much energy does one person use?
Energy per person moved from 575 kg to 1,020 kg across 29 recorded years.
How much land and sea is protected together?
Protected area, total moved from 6.1% to 5.2% across 12 recorded years.
How long do people live?
Life expectancy moved from 65.3 yrs to 71.3 yrs across 29 recorded years.
How much does a hectare of cereal produce?
Cereal yield moved from 3,843 kg/ha to 5,421 kg/ha across 29 recorded years.
How much fertiliser goes on the land?
Fertiliser use moved from 146 kg/ha to 313 kg/ha across 29 recorded years.
How many people still live rurally?
Rural population moved from 63.7% to 40.6% across 30 recorded years.
How much value per cubic metre of water?
Water productivity moved from 4.06 $/m3 to 5.04 $/m3 across 27 recorded years.
How much goes on health?
Health spending moved from 1.85% to 2.7% across 23 recorded years.
How much forest is there in total?
Forest area moved from 1,041,466 km2 to 959,693 km2 across 30 recorded years.
How much electricity per person?
Electric power use moved from 260 kWh to 1,611 kWh across 29 recorded years.
How have agriculture emissions moved?
Agriculture emissions moved from 118.25 to 154.2 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have building emissions moved?
Building emissions moved from 32.64 to 30.57 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have electricity/heat emissions moved?
Electricity/Heat emissions moved from 47.87 to 355.2 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have energy emissions moved?
Energy emissions moved from 198.33 to 765.05 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have industrial processes emissions moved?
Industrial Processes emissions moved from 9.1 to 42.37 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
How have manufacturing/construction emissions moved?
Manufacturing/Construction emissions moved from 28.49 to 129.18 MtCO2e across 33 recorded years.
Climate Watch (WRI), historical emissions
Worst caseCurrent pathBest case
Worst case
Every measured decline continues at the pace already recorded. The weakest pillar, organic farming at 1/5, is the one that gives way first.
Computed from: recorded series extended with no policy change
What the best case actually asks for
Lift organic farming
It scores 1 out of 5 today, among the weakest parts of Indonesia's record. Certified organic land is about 0.1% of agricultural area (FiBL, 2024 data), among the lowest shares measured, even though much smallholder farming is low-input by default.
measured each year
Costs: spending and enforcement, not new technology
Lift recycling
It scores 1 out of 5 today, among the weakest parts of Indonesia's record. Formal municipal recycling is minimal, well below the level needed for a higher band, though an active informal waste-picker sector recovers plastics, metal and paper for resale.
measured each year
Costs: spending and enforcement, not new technology
Lift energy
It scores 1 out of 5 today, among the weakest parts of Indonesia's record. Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower…
measured each year
Costs: spending and enforcement, not new technology
Government and Goals in Indonesia.
Who is in charge of Indonesia now · Office-holders from the UN Protocol and Liaison Service public list of Heads of State and Heads of Government, 20 October 2026. Legislature and election dates from IFES ElectionGuide. Constitution dates from the Constitute Project. Governance scores from the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators 2024.
Prabowo Subianto
President
Prabowo Subianto is the head of government of Indonesia, in office since 20 October 2024. Every climate, protection and energy pledge on this page is delivered, or not, under this administration.
Public opinion, measured
Voice and accountability, the freedom to question government scores 54.7 out of 100 in 2025. On this World Bank scale, 100 is the strongest governance measured. Down from 55.3 in 2024. World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 data (updated 25 September 2026)
Control of corruption scores 37.7 out of 100 in 2025. On this World Bank scale, 100 is the strongest governance measured. Up from 36.8 in 2024. World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 data (updated 25 September 2026)
Political stability and absence of violence scores 52.7 out of 100 in 2025. On this World Bank scale, 100 is the strongest governance measured. Down from 54.9 in 2024. World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 data (updated 25 September 2026)
Rule of law scores 54.4 out of 100 in 2025. On this World Bank scale, 100 is the strongest governance measured. Down from 55.1 in 2024. World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 data (updated 25 September 2026)
Regulatory quality scores 57.3 out of 100 in 2025. On this World Bank scale, 100 is the strongest governance measured. Up from 57.1 in 2024. World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 data (updated 25 September 2026)
Prabowo SubiantoPresident
House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)Legislature, unicameral
Last election14 February 2024
Constitution1945, as revised to 2002
Government typepresidential republic
Indonesia national goals: climate commitments on record · as recorded by Climate Watch, World Resources Institute
Plain Answers About Indonesia.
The questions people actually type, answered in full sentences from the sourced data above.
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Is Indonesia sustainable?
Indonesia scores 62 out of 100 on the Throne Eco Index, across twelve equally weighted pillars. Indonesia pairs some of Earth's richest rainforests and endemic wildlife with deep-rooted plant food and natural-fibre traditions, offset by heavy plastic pollution and weak forest enforcement.
Is the water in Indonesia safe and plentiful?
Indonesia has abundant rainfall and major rivers across its islands, so raw freshwater supply is not the constraint. The problem is delivery and quality: the WHO/UNICEF JMP figure for safely managed drinking water is only about 30% (2024), and Jakarta suffers severe groundwater over-extraction and land subsidence. Tap water is not safe to drink and most residents boil or buy it.
Can Indonesia feed itself?
Indonesia is a major agricultural nation and one of the world's largest rice producers, broadly self-sufficient in its staple while importing wheat, soy and sugar. Smallholder farming, home gardens and wet-rice terraces remain widespread across Java, Sumatra and Bali.
Is it easy to eat plant-based in Indonesia?
Java is the birthplace of tempeh, and tofu, gado-gado, sayur and sambal make unprocessed plant eating easy and cheap. Vegetables and legumes are central to everyday meals, though fish and meat feature widely.
How much of Indonesia is actually protected?
Terrestrial protected areas cover about 12% and marine areas about 3% (World Bank, 2025), including flagship parks such as Komodo, Lorentz and Gunung Leuser. Coverage sits in the middle band, but enforcement is uneven and clearing for palm oil and mining continues inside and around reserves.
What wildlife is left in Indonesia?
Indonesia is one of a handful of megadiverse countries, home to orangutans, Komodo dragons, Sumatran tigers, rhinos and elephants, and thousands of endemic birds and plants. Endemism is exceptionally high across Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua.
Is Indonesia on clean energy?
Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower, near a fifth (IEA). It is the world's largest thermal coal exporter, shipping a record of about 555 million tonnes in 2024 before exports fell to about 514 million tonnes in 2025. The country has pledged net-zero by 2060 and signed a Just Energy Transition Partnership intended to bring coal decline forward.
How polluted is Indonesia?
Indonesia is one of the largest sources of ocean plastic, and litter is visible on many rivers and beaches. Policy is partial: Bali banned single-use plastics in 2019 and Jakarta in 2020 under a national marine-litter roadmap, but there is no comprehensive enforced national ban. Ambient PM2.5 averages about 21 µg/m³ (World Bank, 2023).
Does recycling work in Indonesia?
Formal municipal recycling is minimal, well below the level needed for a higher band, though an active informal waste-picker sector recovers plastics, metal and paper for resale.
Is the farming in Indonesia organic?
Certified organic land is about 0.1% of agricultural area (FiBL, 2024 data), among the lowest shares measured, even though much smallholder farming is low-input by default.
Are there natural materials and craft in Indonesia?
Living natural-materials traditions are strong, including batik, ikat and songket weaving, rattan and bamboo craft, and banana and abaca fibre. These skills remain in daily production, not just heritage display.
Is there living culture in Indonesia?
Indonesia has hundreds of living rooted cultures, from Balinese and Torajan to Dayak and Papuan communities, and community-based tourism is growing alongside conventional resorts. Craft, ceremony and village life remain central rather than staged for visitors.
What heritage does Indonesia keep alive?
Indonesia carries an exceptionally rich living heritage across its islands, from gamelan orchestras and wayang kulit shadow puppetry to the Balinese Legong, Barong and Kecak dances and the Saman dance of Aceh. Batik, kris craft and angklung music remain part of daily and ceremonial life. Living ancestral and spiritual traditions include Balinese Hindu Dharma, Javanese Kejawen, and the distinct beliefs and rites of the Toraja, Dayak and Mentawai and other indigenous peoples.
So is Indonesia actually green? The measured answer
What is working: the record is thin on the headline measures, and the sourced numbers below say why.
What is not: land protected at 12% against a 30% mark, sea protected at 3% against a 30% mark, renewable electricity at 15.5% against a 100% mark.
How Indonesia Ranks, region and world.
Where Indonesia sits on the Eco Index, against its Asia neighbours and the 77 destinations scored worldwide.
How does Indonesia compare in Asia?
1India67
2Sri Lanka65
3Laos63
4Cambodia62
5Thailand62
Scored Asia destinations, Eco Index.
The global top 10 of the 77 destinations scored
1Switzerland78
2France78
3Finland77
4Slovenia77
5Australia77
6Portugal75
7Germany75
8New Zealand75
9Italy73
10Spain73
Indonesia sits 49 of 77 at 62/100. Every name links to its own destination page, built exactly like this one. The full ranking
What is Indonesia particularly good at?
✓ Wildlife, scored 5/5. Indonesia is one of a handful of megadiverse countries, home to orangutans, Komodo dragons, Sumatran tigers, rhinos and elephants, and thousands of endemic birds and plants. Endemism is exceptionally high across Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua.
✓ Heritage, scored 5/5. Indonesia carries an exceptionally rich living heritage across its islands, from gamelan orchestras and wayang kulit shadow puppetry to the Balinese Legong, Barong and Kecak dances and the Saman dance of Aceh. Batik, kris craft and angklung music remain part of daily and ceremonial life. Living ancestral and spiritual traditions include Balinese Hindu Dharma, Javanese Kejawen, and the distinct beliefs and rites of the Toraja, Dayak and Mentawai and other indigenous peoples. These traditions are practised widely and continuously.
✓ Food and farming, scored 4/5. Indonesia is a major agricultural nation and one of the world's largest rice producers, broadly self-sufficient in its staple while importing wheat, soy and sugar. Smallholder farming, home gardens and wet-rice terraces remain widespread across Java, Sumatra and Bali.
Where does Indonesia score worst?
✕ Organic farming, scored 1/5. Certified organic land is about 0.1% of agricultural area (FiBL, 2024 data), among the lowest shares measured, even though much smallholder farming is low-input by default.
✕ Recycling, scored 1/5. Formal municipal recycling is minimal, well below the level needed for a higher band, though an active informal waste-picker sector recovers plastics, metal and paper for resale.
✕ Energy, scored 1/5. Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower, near a fifth (IEA). It is the world's largest thermal coal exporter, shipping a record of about 555 million tonnes in 2024 before exports fell to about 514 million tonnes in 2025. The country has pledged net-zero by 2060 and signed a Just Energy Transition Partnership intended to bring coal decline forward. The heavy coal dependence and export role weigh against its low per-capita figure.
A note from the lens of mother natureSwipe
Organic farming, 1/5
Certified organic land is about 0.1% of agricultural area (FiBL, 2024 data), among the lowest shares measured, even though much smallholder farming is low-input by default.
Consequence: It is the lowest-scoring part of Indonesia's record, so it is where the score moves first.
Recycling, 1/5
Formal municipal recycling is minimal, well below the level needed for a higher band, though an active informal waste-picker sector recovers plastics, metal and paper for resale.
Energy, 1/5
Indonesia's per-capita CO2 emissions are relatively low at about 2.9 tonnes per person in 2024 (Our World in Data, Global Carbon Project), but its power sector is dominated by coal at roughly 62% of generation, with renewables, mainly geothermal and hydropower, near a fifth (IEA).
The Indonesia Directory.
Everything on Hold The Throne that sits in Indonesia, checked and listed.
How the rest of the world scores Indonesia
Independent global indices, for calibration.
Forest cover
50.7%
World Bank, 2024.
Protected land
12.0%
World Bank, 2025.
Protected sea
3.0%
World Bank, 2025.
Renewable grid
15.5%
World Bank, 2021.
CO2 per person
2.9
World Bank, 2024.
Threatened species
1,716 (mammals, birds, fish & plants)
Recorded figure, sourced on this page.
Control of corruption
37.7 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025. Score from 0 to 100, where 100 is the strongest governance.
Government effectiveness
57.6 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025. Score from 0 to 100, where 100 is the strongest governance.
Rule of law
54.4 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025. Score from 0 to 100, where 100 is the strongest governance.
Political stability
52.7 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025. Score from 0 to 100, where 100 is the strongest governance.
Voice and accountability
54.7 / 100
World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025. Score from 0 to 100, where 100 is the strongest governance.
Environmental Performance Index
26.2 / 100 · 168 of 177
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2026, ranked 168 of 177 countries assessed.
Ecosystem vitality
32.3 / 100 · 148 of 177
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2026, ranked 148 of 177 countries assessed.
Biodiversity and habitat
32.8 / 100 · 126 of 177
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2026, ranked 126 of 177 countries assessed.
Air quality
20.6 / 100 · 151 of 177
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2026, ranked 151 of 177 countries assessed.
Terrestrial biomes protected
37.8 / 100 · 122 of 177
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2026, ranked 122 of 177 countries assessed.
Marine habitat protected
21.0 / 100 · 57 of 111
Yale Environmental Performance Index 2026, ranked 57 of 111 countries assessed.
How Indonesia Is Scored. The Throne Standard.
Every destination on the index is scored the same way, so a 4 in Barbados means exactly what a 4 means in Iceland. No self-declared data and no brochure claims are accepted. Seven pillars are scored from published measurements with the same fixed thresholds everywhere: energy (low-carbon share of electricity, 90% or more scores 5, 70% 4, 50% 3, 25% 2), conservation (land and sea protected), water (safe drinking water, wastewater treated, water stress), organic farmland, recycling, food import dependence and air quality. Where a measurement is not published for a place, that pillar keeps its source-assessed score and is labelled as such. Wildlife, culture, heritage, materials and plant-based eating have no comparable measurement and are assessed from the named sources. The Eco Index is the average of the twelve pillar scores multiplied by 20. Every figure on this page carries its named source and year, and the history on each page names what empire took as plainly as it scores the present.
The 12 pillars every destination is scored on, equally weighted
01
Water
Safe drinking water, wastewater treated and water stress. Measured.
02
Food & farming
How much of the import bill is food: whether the place feeds itself. Measured.
03
Plant-based
How easy it is to eat plant-based, from documented sources.
04
Organic
Certified organic share of farmland. Measured.
05
Conservation
Land and sea legally protected, against the 30 by 30 goal. Measured.
06
Wildlife
What survives, what is endemic, what is lost, from documented sources.
07
Materials
Local natural fibres and craft, from documented sources.
08
Pollution
Air quality (PM2.5, measured) and plastics and waste policy.
09
Recycling
Share of municipal waste recycled. Measured.
10
Energy
Low-carbon share of electricity, nuclear included. Measured.
11
Culture
Living culture and community-led visits, from documented sources.
12
Heritage
What the law keeps standing, from documented sources.
What each 0 to 5 pillar score means, in plain words
0
Absent
nothing verifiable exists
1
Failing
measurably going the wrong way
2
Weak
claims outrun delivery
3
Fair
real effort, mixed results
4
Strong
genuinely good, evidence named
5
Leading
world class, and the trend holds
Where the numbers come from.
The institutions above are the ones cited on this page, ranked by how many of its figures they carry. This same sectioned page renders for all 77 scored destinations, each with its own researched history, comparison charts and three-way future. Read the full methodology
Every figure on this page, and where it came from: 76 sources across 31 institutions
World Bank17 FIGURES
- Forest area (% of land area) AG.LND.FRST.ZS, 2023 check
- Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) ER.LND.PTLD.ZS, 2025 check
- Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters) ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS, 2025 check
- Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output) EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS, 2021 check
- PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (µg/m³) EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3, 2023 check
- CO2 emissions per capita EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5, 2024 check
- GDP (current US$) NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, 2025 check
- International tourist arrivals ST.INT.ARVL, 2020 check
- Agricultural land (% of land area) AG.LND.AGRI.ZS, 2023 check
- Arable land (% of land area) AG.LND.ARBL.ZS, 2023 check
- Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS, 2025 check
- Adult literacy rate SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, 2020 check
- Renewable internal freshwater per capita (m3) ER.H2O.INTR.PC, 2022 check
- Overweight prevalence, adults (%) SH.STA.OWAD.ZS, 2022 check
- Central government debt (% of GDP) GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS, 2009 check
- Population total SP.POP.TOTL, 2025 check
- What a Waste 2.0 country-level dataset check
Other published sources6 FIGURES
- Food import share left blank: no reliably comparable import-dependency figure verified.
- Record was 2024 at about 555 Mt; 2025 exports fell to about 514 Mt check
- Four island populations inside the park plus fragmented populations on Flores, outside it check
- Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 142 of 2019 on the compulsory use of environmentally friendly shopping bags in shopping centres, supermarkets and traditional markets, JDIH Provinsi DKI Jakarta (Jakarta provincial legal documentation network), Policy is partial: Bali banned single-use plastics in 2019 and Jakarta in 2020 under a national marine-litter check
- Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 142 of 2019 on the compulsory use of environmentally friendly shopping bags in shopping centres, supermarkets and traditional markets, JDIH Provinsi DKI Jakarta (Jakarta provincial legal documentation network) corroboration check
- Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 142 of 2019 on the compulsory use of environmentally friendly shopping bags in shopping centres, supermarkets and traditional markets, JDIH Provinsi DKI Jakarta (Jakarta provincial legal documentation network) corroboration check
Aprilzal5 FIGURES
- 'Sejarah Untuk Mendapatkan Pengakuan Kedaulatan Republik Indonesia', Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2023, Independence was declared in 1945 and recognised in 1949, and thirty-two years of authoritarian rule ended wit check
- 'Sejarah Untuk Mendapatkan Pengakuan Kedaulatan Republik Indonesia', Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2023 corroboration check
- 'Sejarah Untuk Mendapatkan Pengakuan Kedaulatan Republik Indonesia', Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2023 corroboration check
- 'Sejarah Untuk Mendapatkan Pengakuan Kedaulatan Republik Indonesia', Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2023 corroboration check
- 'Sejarah Untuk Mendapatkan Pengakuan Kedaulatan Republik Indonesia', Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2023 corroboration check
GBIF occurrence search5 FIGURES
- Indonesia, IUCN Red List category Critically Endangered, class Mammalia, Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (mammal). check
- Indonesia, IUCN Red List category Critically Endangered, class Mammalia corroboration check
- Indonesia, IUCN Red List category Critically Endangered, class Aves, Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (bird). check
- Indonesia, IUCN Red List category Critically Endangered, order Testudines, Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (turtle). check
- Indonesia, IUCN Red List category Critically Endangered, all taxa, Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and recorded in Indonesia in GBIF occurrence data (species). check
FAOSTAT4 FIGURES
- Production: Crops and livestock products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Indonesia is a major agricultural nation and one of the world's largest rice producers, broadly self-sufficien check
- Production: Crops and livestock products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) corroboration check
- Production: Crops and livestock products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) corroboration check
- Production: Crops and livestock products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) corroboration check
UNESCO Institute for Statistics4 FIGURES
- public data API (indicator XGDP.FSGOV, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP), Public spending on education runs at 1.3% of GDP and 10.6% of all government spending, and secondary enrolment check
- public data API (indicator XGDP.FSGOV, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP) corroboration check
- public data API (indicator XGDP.FSGOV, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP) corroboration check
- public data API (indicator XGDP.FSGOV, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP) corroboration check
BirdLife International, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC3 FIGURES
- UN SDG Global Database, terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas covered by protected areas (%) ER_PTD_TERR, Indonesia, 2025 (26.3%), country-reported check
- UN SDG Global Database, marine Key Biodiversity Areas covered by protected areas (%) ER_MRN_MPA, Indonesia, 2025 (25.9%), country-reported check
- UN SDG Global Database, freshwater Key Biodiversity Areas covered by protected areas (%) ER_PTD_FRHWTR, Indonesia, 2025 (38.0%), country-reported check
Convention on Biological Diversity3 FIGURES
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Target 3, The 30x30 target is 30% by 2030, so 27 percentage points are still to be designated. check
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Target 3 corroboration check
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Target 3 corroboration check
FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment3 FIGURES
- UN SDG Global Database, forest area (% of land area) AG_LND_FRST, Indonesia, 2025 (50.7%), country-reported check
- UN SDG Global Database, forest area under a long-term management plan (%) AG_LND_FRSTMGT, Indonesia, 2025 (18.5%), country-reported check
- UN SDG Global Database, forest area inside legally established protected areas (%) AG_LND_FRSTPRCT, Indonesia, 2025 (54.5%), country-reported check
Meijer3 FIGURES
- van Emmerik, van der Ent, Schmidt and Lebreton, 'More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean', Science Advances, 2021 (open access full text), Indonesia is one of the largest sources of ocean plastic, and litter is visible on many rivers and beaches. check
- van Emmerik, van der Ent, Schmidt and Lebreton, 'More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean', Science Advances, 2021 (open access full text) corroboration check
- van Emmerik, van der Ent, Schmidt and Lebreton, 'More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean', Science Advances, 2021 (open access full text) corroboration check
Oktaviana3 FIGURES
- Joannes-Boyau, Hakim, Burhan, Sardi, Adhityatama, Hamrullah, Sumantri et al., 'Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago', Nature, 3 July 2024, On Sulawesi, a painted scene at Leang Karampuang showing figures and a pig has been dated to around 51,200 yea check
- Joannes-Boyau, Hakim, Burhan, Sardi, Adhityatama, Hamrullah, Sumantri et al., 'Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago', Nature, 3 July 2024 corroboration check
- Joannes-Boyau, Hakim, Burhan, Sardi, Adhityatama, Hamrullah, Sumantri et al., 'Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago', Nature, 3 July 2024 corroboration check
20.9% of exports in 2024 (US$55.53bn of US$266.32bn)1 FIGURE
- still the largest chapter check
2024 FAOSTAT crop tonnages: oil palm fruit 243Mt1 FIGURE
- rice 53.1Mt, sugar cane 32.0Mt, coconuts 18.0Mt, cassava 15.6Mt check
Climate Watch (WRI)1 FIGURE
- Net-Zero Tracker check
Constitute Project1 FIGURE
- Indonesia 1945 (reinst. 1959, rev. 2002) check
Energy scores 2/5 and ties with pollution1 FIGURE
- organic and recycling, all 2/5 check
FiBL & IFOAM1 FIGURE
- The World of Organic Agriculture 2022 (2020 data), organic share of agricultural land check
FiBL 2026 yearbook1 FIGURE
- 2024 data: 62,774 ha, still 0.1% of agricultural land check
IEA1 FIGURE
- An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia (coal about 62% of power). check
IEA, World Energy Balances1 FIGURE
- UN SDG Global Database, renewable share of total final energy consumption (%) EG_FEC_RNEW, Indonesia, 2023 (16.7%), modelled estimate check
IFES ElectionGuide1 FIGURE
- Indonesia elections and chambers check
Indonesian Coal Mining Association (APBI-ICMA)1 FIGURE
- coal production and exports check
Indonesian Institute of Sciences / BRIN1 FIGURE
- national research institution check
IUCN Red List1 FIGURE
- World Bank, threatened mammals, birds, fish and higher plants (summed), 2022 check
IUCN Species Survival Commission1 FIGURE
- 'IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, Second edition', IUCN Library System corroboration check
Our World in Data (Global Carbon Project)1 FIGURE
- CO2 emissions per capita, 2024. check
UN Protocol and Liaison Service1 FIGURE
- Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, public list dated 20 October 2026 check
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage1 FIGURE
- Indonesia (batik, wayang, angklung, Saman dance, kris, gamelan). check
UNESCO World Heritage Centre1 FIGURE
- Komodo National Park, Outstanding Universal Value statement, The Komodo dragon, the world's largest lizard, lives wild only in Indonesia (Komodo National Park) check
WHO/UNICEF JMP1 FIGURE
- World Bank, People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population) SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS, 2024 check
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme1 FIGURE
- UN SDG Global Database, population using safely managed drinking water (%) SH_H2O_SAFE, Indonesia, 2024 (30.5%), modelled estimate check